Online English Dictionary Free Words Starting with Letter S

 S 

S1  n. (also s) (pl. Ss or s's) 1 nineteenth letter of the alphabet. 2 s-shaped thing.

S2  abbr. (also s.) 1 saint. 2 south, southern.

S3  symb. Sulphur.

S.  Abbr. 1 second(s). 2 hist. Shilling(s). 3 son. [sense 2 originally from latin solidus]

-s'  suffix denoting the possessive case of plural nouns and sometimes of singular nouns ending in s (the boys' shoes; charles' book). [old english inflection]

'S  abbr. 1 is; has (he's; she's got it; john's; charles's). 2 us (let's).

-'s  suffix denoting the possessive case of singular nouns and of plural nouns not ending in -s (john's book; book's cover; children's shoes).

Sa  abbr. 1 salvation army. 2 south africa. 3 south australia.

Sabbath  n. Religious day of rest kept by christians on sunday and jews on saturday. [hebrew, = rest]

Sabbatical  —adj. (of leave) granted at intervals to a university teacher for study or travel. —n. Period of sabbatical leave. [greek: related to +sabbath]

Saber  n. (brit. Sabre) 1 curved cavalry sword. 2 light tapering fencing-sword. [french from german sabel]

Sable  —n. (pl. Same or -s) 1 small brown-furred mammal of n. Europe and n. Asia. 2 its skin or fur. —adj. 1 (usu. Placed after noun) heraldry black. 2 esp. Poet. Gloomy. [slavonic]

Sabot  n. 1 shoe carved from wood. 2 wooden-soled shoe. [french]

Sabotage  —n. Deliberate damage to productive capacity, esp. As a political act. —v. (-ging) 1 commit sabotage on. 2 destroy, spoil. [french: related to +sabot]

Saboteur  n. Person who commits sabotage. [french]

Sabre  n. (us saber) 1 curved cavalry sword. 2 light tapering fencing-sword. [french from german sabel]

Sabre-rattling  n. Display or threat of military force.

Sac  n. Membranous bag in an animal or plant. [latin: related to +sack1]

Saccharin  n. A sugar substitute. [medieval latin saccharum sugar]

Saccharine  adj. Excessively sentimental or sweet.

Sacerdotal  adj. Of priests or priestly office. [latin sacerdos -dot- priest]

Sachet  n. 1 small bag or packet containing shampoo etc. 2 small scented bag for perfuming drawers etc. [french diminutive: related to +sac]

Sack1  —n. 1 a large strong bag for storage or conveyance. B quantity contained in a sack. 2 (prec. By the) colloq. Dismissal from employment. 3 (prec. By the) us slang bed. —v. 1 put into a sack or sacks. 2 colloq. Dismiss from employment. [latin saccus] 

Sack2  —v. Plunder and destroy (a captured town etc.). —n. Such sacking. [french mettre à sac put in a sack]

Sack3  n. Hist. White wine from spain and the canaries. [french vin sec dry wine]

Sackbut  n. Early form of trombone. [french]

Sackcloth  n. 1 coarse fabric of flax or hemp used for sacks. 2 clothing for penance or mourning (esp. Sackcloth and ashes).

Sacking  n. Material for making sacks; sackcloth.

Sacral  adj. 1 anat. Of the sacrum. 2 of or for sacred rites. [latin sacrum sacred]

Sacrament  n. 1 symbolic christian ceremony, e.g. Baptism and eucharist. 2 (also blessed or holy sacrament) (prec. By the) eucharist. 3 sacred thing. ~ sacramental adj. [latin: related to +sacred]

Sacred  adj. 1 a (often foll. By to) dedicated to a god. B connected with religion (sacred music). 2 safeguarded or required esp. By tradition; inviolable. [latin sacer holy]

Sacred cow  n. Colloq. Traditionally hallowed idea or institution.

Sacrifice  —n. 1 a voluntary relinquishing of something valued. B thing so relinquished. C the loss entailed. 2 a slaughter of an animal or person or surrender of a possession, as an offering to a deity. B animal, person, or thing so offered. —v. (-cing) 1 give up (a thing) as a sacrifice. 2 (foll. By to) devote or give over to. 3 (also absol.) Offer or kill as a sacrifice. ~ sacrificial adj. [latin: related to +sacred]

Sacrilege  n. Violation of what is regarded as sacred. ~ sacrilegious adj. [latin: related to +sacred, lego take]

Sacristan  n. Person in charge of a sacristy and church contents. [medieval latin: related to +sacred]

Sacristy  n. (pl. -ies) room in a church where vestments, sacred vessels, etc., are kept. [medieval latin: related to +sacred]

Sacrosanct  adj. Most sacred; inviolable. ~ sacrosanctity n. [latin: related to +sacred, +saint]

Sacrum  n. (pl. Sacra or -s) triangular bone between the two hip-bones. [latin os sacrum sacred bone]

Sad  adj. (sadder, saddest) 1 unhappy. 2 causing sorrow. 3 regrettable. 4 shameful, deplorable. ~ sadden v. Sadly adv. Sadness n. [old english]

Saddle  —n. 1 seat of leather etc. Strapped on a horse etc. For riding. 2 bicycle etc. Seat. 3 joint of meat consisting of the two loins. 4 ridge rising to a summit at each end. —v. (-ling) 1 put a saddle on (a horse etc.). 2 (foll. By with) burden (a person) with a task etc. ~ in the saddle 1 mounted. 2 in office or control. [old english]

Saddleback  n. 1 roof of a tower with two opposite gables. 2 hill with a concave upper outline. 3 black pig with a white stripe across the back. ~ saddlebacked adj.

Saddle-bag  n. 1 each of a pair of bags laid across the back of a horse etc. 2 bag attached to a bicycle saddle etc.

Saddler  n. Maker of or dealer in saddles etc.

Saddlery  n. (pl. -ies) saddler's goods, trade, or premises.

Sadducee  n. Member of a jewish sect of the time of christ that denied the resurrection of the dead. [hebrew]

Sadhu  n. (in india) holy man, sage, or ascetic. [sanskrit]

Sadism  n. 1 colloq. Enjoyment of cruelty to others. 2 sexual perversion characterized by this. ~ sadist n. Sadistic adj. Sadistically adv. [de sade, name of an author]

Sado-masochism  n. Sadism and masochism in one person. ~ sado-masochist n. Sado-masochistic adj.

S.a.e.  Abbr. Stamped addressed envelope.

Safari  n. (pl. -s) expedition, esp. In africa, to observe or hunt animals (go on safari). [swahili from arabic safara to travel]

Safari park  n. Park where wild animals are kept in the open for viewing from vehicles.

Safe  —adj. 1 free of danger or injury. 2 secure, not risky (in a safe place). 3 reliable, certain. 4 prevented from escaping or doing harm (have got him safe). 5 (also safe and sound) uninjured; with no harm done. 6 cautious, unenterprising. —n. 1 strong lockable cabinet etc. For valuables. 2 = +meat safe. ~ on the safe side with a margin for error. ~ safely adv. [french sauf from latin salvus]

Safe conduct  n. 1 immunity given from arrest or harm. 2 document securing this.

Safe deposit  n. Building containing strongrooms and safes for hire.

Safeguard  —n. Protecting proviso, circumstance, etc. —v. Guard or protect (rights etc.).

Safe house  n. Place of refuge etc. For spies, terrorists, etc.

Safe keeping  n. Preservation in a safe place.

Safe period  n. Time during the month when conception is least likely.

Safe sex  n. Sexual activity in which precautions are taken against sexually transmitted diseases, esp. Aids.

Safety  n. Being safe; freedom from danger or risk.

Safety-belt  n. 1 = +seat-belt. 2 belt or strap worn to prevent injury.

Safety-catch  n. Device preventing a gun-trigger or machinery from being operated accidentally.

Safety curtain  n. Fireproof curtain between a stage and auditorium.

Safety lamp  n. Miner's lamp so protected as not to ignite firedamp.

Safety match  n. Match igniting only on a specially prepared surface.

Safety net  n. Net placed to catch an acrobat etc. In case of a fall.

Safety pin  n. Pin with a guarded point.

Safety razor  n. Razor with a guard to prevent cutting the skin.

Safety-valve  n. 1 (in a steam boiler) automatic valve relieving excess pressure. 2 means of venting excitement etc. Harmlessly.

 saffron  —n. 1 deep yellow food colouring and flavouring made from dried crocus stigmas. 2 colour of this. —adj. Deep yellow. [french from arabic]

Sag  —v. (-gg-) 1 sink or subside, esp. Unevenly. 2 have a downward bulge or curve in the middle. 3 fall in price. —n. State or extent of sagging. ~ saggy adj. [low german or dutch]

Saga  n. 1 long heroic story, esp. Medieval icelandic or norwegian. 2 series of connected novels concerning a family's history etc. 3 long involved story. [old norse: related to +saw3]

Sagacious  adj. Showing insight or good judgement. ~ sagacity n. [latin sagax -acis]

Sage1  n. Culinary herb with dull greyish-green leaves. [french from latin +salvia]

Sage2  —n. Often iron. Wise man. —adj. Wise, judicious, experienced. ~ sagely adv. [french from latin sapio be wise]

Sagebrush  n. Growth of shrubby aromatic plants in some semi-arid regions of western n. America.

Sagittarius  n. (pl. -es) 1 constellation and ninth sign of the zodiac (the archer). 2 person born when the sun is in this sign. ~ sagittarian adj. & n. [latin, = archer]

Sago  n. (pl. -s) 1 a starch used in puddings etc. 2 (in full sago palm) any of several tropical palms and cycads yielding this. [malay]

Sahib  n. Hist. (in india) form of address to european man. [arabic, = lord]

Said  past and past part. Of +say.

Sail  —n. 1 piece of material extended on rigging to catch the wind and propel a boat or ship. 2 ship's sails collectively. 3 voyage or excursion in a sailing-boat. 4 ship, esp. As discerned from its sails. 5 wind-catching apparatus of a windmill. —v. 1 travel on water by the use of sails or engine-power. 2 begin a voyage (sails at nine). 3 a navigate (a ship etc.). B travel on (a sea). 4 set (a toy boat) afloat. 5 glide or move smoothly or in a stately manner. 6 (often foll. By through) colloq. Succeed easily (sailed through the exams). ~ sail close to the wind 1 sail as nearly against the wind as possible. 2 come close to indecency or dishonesty. Sail into colloq. Attack physically or verbally. Under sail with sails set. [old english]

Sailboard  n. Board with a mast and sail, used in windsurfing. ~ sailboarder n. Sailboarding n.

Sailcloth  n. 1 material used for sails. 2 canvas-like dress material.

Sailing-boat  n. (also sailing-ship) vessel driven by sails.

Sailor  n. 1 member of a ship's crew, esp. One below the rank of officer. 2 person considered with regard to seasickness (a good sailor). [originally sailer: see +-er1]

Sailplane  n. Glider designed for sustained flight.

Sainfoin  n. Pink-flowered fodder-plant. [latin sanctus holy, foenum hay]

Saint  —n. (abbr. St or s; pl. Sts or ss) 1 holy or (in some churches) formally canonized person regarded as worthy of special veneration. 2 very virtuous person. —v. (as sainted adj.) Saintly. ~ sainthood n. Saintlike adj. [latin sanctus holy]

St bernard  n. (in full st bernard dog) very large dog of a breed orig. Kept in the alps to rescue travellers.

St john's wort  n. Yellow-flowered plant.

St leger  n. Horse-race at doncaster for three-year-olds. [from the name of the founder]

Saintly  adj. (-ier, -iest) very holy or virtuous. ~ saintliness n.

St vitus's dance  n. Disease producing involuntary convulsive movements of the body.

Sake1  n. ~ for christ's (or god's or goodness' or heaven's or pete's etc.) Sake expression of impatience, supplication, anger, etc. For the sake of (or for one's sake) out of consideration for; in the interest of; because of; in order to please, honour, get, or keep. [old english]

Sake2  n. Japanese rice wine. [japanese]

Salaam  —n. 1 (chiefly as a muslim greeting) peace! 2 muslim low bow with the right palm on the forehead. 3 (in pl.) Respectful compliments. —v. Make a salaam (to). [arabic]

Salacious  adj. 1 indecently erotic. 2 lecherous. ~ salaciousness n. Salacity n. [latin salax -acis: related to +salient]

Salad  n. Cold mixture of usu. Raw vegetables, often with a dressing. [french salade from latin sal salt]

Salad cream  n. Creamy salad-dressing.

Salad days  n. Period of youthful inexperience.

Salad-dressing  n. = +dressing 2a.

Salamander  n. 1 tailed newtlike amphibian once thought able to endure fire. 2 similar mythical creature. [greek salamandra]

Salami  n. (pl. -s) highly-seasoned orig. Italian sausage. [italian]

Sal ammoniac  n. Ammonium chloride, a white crystalline salt. [latin sal salt, ammoniacus of jupiter ammon]

Salary  —n. (pl. -ies) fixed regular wages, usu. Monthly or quarterly, esp. For white-collar work. —v. (-ies, -ied) (usu. As salaried adj.) Pay a salary to. [latin salarium money for buying salt]

Sale  n. 1 exchange of a commodity for money etc.; act or instance of selling. 2 amount sold (sales were enormous). 3 temporary offering of goods at reduced prices. 4 a event at which goods are sold. B public auction. ~ on (or for) sale offered for purchase. [old english]

Saleable  adj. Fit or likely to be sold. ~ saleability n.

Sale of work  n. Sale of home-made goods etc. For charity.

Sale or return  n. Arrangement by which a purchaser may return surplus goods to the supplier without payment.

Saleroom  n. Room where auctions are held.

Salesman  n. 1 man employed to sell goods. 2 us commercial traveller.

Salesmanship  n. Skill in selling.

Salesperson  n. Salesman or saleswoman.

Sales talk  n. Persuasive talk promoting goods or an idea etc.

Saleswoman  n. Woman employed to sell goods.

Salicylic acid  n. Chemical used as a fungicide and in aspirin and dyes. ~ salicylate n. [latin salix willow]

Salient  —adj. 1 prominent, conspicuous. 2 (of an angle, esp. In fortification) pointing outwards. —n. Salient angle or part of a fortification; outward bulge in a military line. [latin salio leap]

Saline  —adj. 1 containing salt or salts. 2 tasting of salt. 3 of chemical salts. 4 of the nature of a salt. —n. 1 salt lake, spring, etc. 2 saline solution. ~ salinity n. Salinization n. [latin sal salt]

Saliva  n. Colourless liquid secreted into the mouth by glands. ~ salivary adj. [latin]

Salivate  v. (-ting) secrete saliva, esp. In excess. ~ salivation n. [latin salivare: related to +saliva]

Sallow1  adj. (-er, -est) (esp. Of the skin) yellowish. [old english]

Sallow2  n. 1 low-growing willow. 2 a shoot or the wood of this. [old english]

Sally  (pl. -ies) —n. 1 sudden military charge; sortie. 2 excursion. 3 witticism. —v. (-ies, -ied) 1 (usu. Foll. By out, forth) set out on a walk, journey, etc. 2 (usu. Foll. By out) make a military sally. [french saillie from latin salio leap]

Salmon  —n. (pl. Usu. Same or -s) large expensive edible fish with orange-pink flesh. —adj. Salmon-pink. [latin salmo]

Salmonella  n. (pl. -llae) 1 bacterium causing food poisoning. 2 such food poisoning. [salmon, name of a veterinary surgeon]

Salmon pink  adj. & n. (as adj. Often hyphenated) orange-pink colour of salmon flesh.

Salmon trout  n. Large silver-coloured trout.

Salon  n. 1 room or establishment of a hairdresser, beautician, etc. 2 hist. Meeting of eminent people in the home of a lady of fashion. 3 reception room, esp. Of a continental house. [french: related to +saloon]

Saloon  n. 1 a large room or hall on a ship, in a hotel, etc. B public room for a specified purpose (billiard-saloon). 2 (in full saloon car) (usu. Four-seater) car with the body closed off from the luggage area. 3 us drinking-bar. 4 (in full saloon bar) more comfortable bar in a public house. [french salon]

Salsa  n. A kind of dance music of cuban origin, with jazz and rock elements. [spanish: related to +sauce]

Salsify  n. (pl. -ies) plant with long fleshy edible roots. [french from italian]

Salt  abbr. Strategic arms limitation talks (or treaty).

Salt  —n. 1 (also common salt) sodium chloride, esp. Mined or evaporated from sea water, and used for seasoning or preserving food. 2 chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base. 3 piquancy; wit. 4 (in sing. Or pl.) A substance resembling salt in taste, form, etc. (bath salts). B (esp. In pl.) Substance used as a laxative. 5 (also old salt) experienced sailor. 6 = +salt-cellar. —adj. Containing, tasting of, or preserved with salt. —v. 1 cure, preserve, or season with salt or brine. 2 sprinkle (a road etc.) With salt. ~ salt away (or down) slang put (money etc.) By. The salt of the earth most admirable or honest person or people (matt. 5:13). Take with a pinch (or grain) of salt regard sceptically. Worth one's salt efficient, capable. [old english]

Salt-cellar  n. Container for salt at table. [earlier salt saler from french salier salt-box]

Salting  n. (esp. In pl.) Marsh overflowed by the sea.

Saltire  n. X-shaped cross dividing a shield in four. [french sautoir stile]

Salt-lick  n. Place where animals lick salt from the ground.

Salt-mine  n. Mine yielding rock-salt.

Salt-pan  n. Vessel, or depression near the sea, used for getting salt by evaporation.

Saltpeter  n. (brit. Saltpetre) white crystalline salty substance used in preserving meat and in gunpowder. [latin sal petrae, = salt of rock]

Saltpetre  n. (us saltpeter) white crystalline salty substance used in preserving meat and in gunpowder. [latin sal petrae, = salt of rock]

Salt-water  adj. Of or living in the sea.

Salty  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 tasting of or containing salt. 2 (of wit etc.) Piquant.~ saltiness n.

Salubrious  adj. Health-giving; healthy. ~ salubrity n. [latin salus health]

Saluki  n. (pl. -s) dog of a tall slender silky-coated breed. [arabic]

Salutary  adj. Having a good effect. [latin: related to +salute]

Salutation  n. Formal sign or expression of greeting.

Salute  —n. 1 gesture of respect, homage, greeting etc. 2 mil. & naut. Prescribed gesture or use of weapons or flags as a sign of respect etc. 3 ceremonial discharge of a gun or guns. —v. (-ting) 1 a make a salute to. B (often foll. By to) perform a salute. 2 greet. 3 commend. [latin salus -ut- health]

Salvage  —n. 1 rescue of property from the sea, a fire, etc. 2 property etc. So saved. 3 a saving and use of waste materials. B materials salvaged. —v. (-ging) 1 save from a wreck etc. 2 retrieve from a disaster etc. (salvaged her pride). ~ salvageable adj. [latin: related to +save1]

Salvation  n. 1 saving or being saved. 2 deliverance from sin and damnation. 3 religious conversion. 4 person or thing that saves. ~ salvationist n. (esp. With ref. To the salvation army). [latin: related to +save1]

Salvation army  n. Worldwide evangelical christian quasi-military organization helping the poor.

Salve1  —n. 1 healing ointment. 2 (often foll. By for) thing that soothes or consoles. —v. (-ving) soothe. [old english]

Salve2  v. (-ving) save from wreck or fire etc. ~ salvable adj. [back-formation from +salvage]

Salver  n. Tray, esp. Silver, for drinks, letters, etc. [spanish salva assaying of food]

Salvia  n. Garden plant of the sage family with red or blue flowers. [latin, = +sage1]

Salvo  n. (pl. -es or -s) 1 simultaneous discharge of guns etc. 2 round of applause. [italian salva]

Sal volatile  n. Solution of ammonium carbonate used as smelling-salts. [latin, = volatile salt]

Sam  abbr. Surface-to-air missile.

Samaritan  n. 1 (in full good samaritan) charitable or helpful person (luke 10:33 etc.). 2 member of a counselling organization. [originally = inhabitant of ancient samaria]

Samarium  n. Metallic element of the lanthanide series. [ultimately from samarski, name of an official]

Samba  —n. 1 ballroom dance of brazilian origin. 2 music for this. —v. (-bas, -baed or -ba'd, -baing) dance the samba. [portuguese]

Same  —adj. 1 (often prec. By the) identical; not different (on the same bus). 2 unvarying (same old story). 3 (usu. Prec. By this, these, that, those) just mentioned (this same man later died). —pron. (prec. By the) 1 the same person or thing. 2 law or archaic the person or thing just mentioned. —adv. (usu. Prec. By the) similarly; in the same way (feel the same). ~ all (or just) the same 1 nevertheless. 2 emphatically the same. At the same time 1 simultaneously. 2 notwithstanding. Be all (or just) the same to make no difference to. Same here colloq. The same applies to me. ~ sameness n. [old norse]

Samizdat  n. Clandestine publication of banned literature. [russian]

Samosa  n. Fried triangular pastry containing spiced vegetables or meat. [hindustani]

Samovar  n. Russian tea-urn. [russian]

Samoyed  n. 1 member of a people of northern siberia. 2 (also samoyed) dog of a white arctic breed. [russian]

Sampan  n. Small boat used in the far east. [chinese]

Samphire  n. Edible maritime rock-plant. [french, = st peter('s herb)]

Sample  —n. 1 small representative part or quantity. 2 specimen. 3 illustrative or typical example. —v. (-ling) 1 take or give samples of. 2 try the qualities of. 3 experience briefly. [anglo-french: related to +example]

Sampler1  n. Piece of embroidery using various stitches as a specimen of proficiency. [french: related to +exemplar]

Sampler2  n. 1 person or thing that samples. 2 us collection of representative items etc.

Sampling  n. Technique of digitally encoding a piece of sound and re-using it as part of a composition or recording.

Samson  n. Person of great strength. [samson in the old testament]

Samurai  n. (pl. Same) 1 japanese army officer. 2 hist. Member of a japanese military caste. [japanese]

Sanatorium  n. (pl. -s or -ria) 1 residential clinic, esp. For convalescents and the chronically sick. 2 room etc. For sick people in a school etc. [latin sano heal]

Sanctify  v. (-ies, -ied) 1 consecrate; treat as holy. 2 free from sin. 3 justify; sanction. ~ sanctification n. [latin sanctus holy]

Sanctimonious  adj. Ostentatiously pious. ~ sanctimoniously adv. Sanctimoniousness n. Sanctimony n. [latin sanctimonia sanctity]

Sanction  —n. 1 approval by custom or tradition; express permission. 2 confirmation of a law etc. 3 penalty for disobeying a law or rule, or a reward for obeying it. 4 ethics moral force encouraging obedience to any rule of conduct. 5 (esp. In pl.) (esp. Economic) action by a state against another to abide by an international agreement etc. —v. 1 authorize or agree to (an action etc.). 2 ratify; make (a law etc.) Binding. [latin sancio sanct- make sacred]

Sanctity  n. Holiness, sacredness; inviolability. [latin sanctus holy]

Sanctuary  n. (pl. -ies) 1 holy place. 2 a holiest part of a temple etc. B chancel. 3 place where birds, wild animals, etc., are bred and protected. 4 place of refuge.

Sanctum  n. (pl. -s) 1 holy place. 2 colloq. Study, den.

Sand  —n. 1 fine loose grains resulting from the erosion of esp. Siliceous rocks and forming the seashore, deserts, etc. 2 (in pl.) A grains of sand. B expanse of sand. C sandbank. —v. Smooth with sandpaper or sand. [old english]

Sandal1  n. Shoe with an openwork upper or no upper, usu. Fastened by straps. [latin from greek]

Sandal2  n. = +sandalwood. [sanskrit candana]

Sandal-tree  n. Tree yielding sandalwood.

Sandalwood  n. 1 scented wood of a sandal-tree. 2 perfume from this.

Sandbag  —n. Bag filled with sand, used for temporary defences etc. —v. (-gg-) defend or hit with sandbag(s).

Sandbank  n. Sand forming a shallow place in the sea or a river.

Sandblast  —v. Roughen, treat, or clean with a jet of sand driven by compressed air or steam. —n. This jet. ~ sandblaster n.

Sandboy  n. ~ happy as a sandboy extremely happy or carefree. [probably = a boy hawking sand for sale]

Sandcastle  n. Model castle made of sand at the seashore.

Sand-dune  n. (also sand-hill) = +dune.

Sander  n. Power tool for sanding.

Sandman  n. Imaginary person causing tiredness in children.

Sand-martin  n. Bird nesting in sandy banks.

Sandpaper  —n. Paper with an abrasive coating for smoothing or polishing. —v. Rub with this.

Sandpiper  n. Wading bird frequenting wet sandy areas.

Sandpit  n. Pit containing sand, for children to play in.

Sandstone  n. Sedimentary rock of compressed sand.

Sandstorm  n. Storm with clouds of sand raised by the wind.

Sandwich  —n. 1 two or more slices of bread with a filling. 2 layered cake with jam or cream. —v. 1 put (a thing, statement, etc.) Between two of another character. 2 squeeze in between others (sat sandwiched in the middle). [from the earl of sandwich]

Sandwich-board  n. Each of two boards worn front and back to carry advertisements.

Sandwich course  n. Course with alternate periods of study and work experience.

Sandy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 having much sand. 2 a (of hair) reddish. B sand-coloured. ~ sandiness n.

Sane  adj. 1 of sound mind; not mad. 2 (of views etc.) Moderate, sensible. [latin sanus healthy]

Sang  past of +sing.

Sang-froid  n. Calmness in danger or difficulty. [french, = cold blood]

Sangria  n. Spanish drink of red wine with lemonade, fruit, etc. [spanish, = bleeding]

Sanguinary  adj. 1 bloody. 2 bloodthirsty. [latin sanguis -guin- blood]

Sanguine  adj. 1 optimistic, confident. 2 (of the complexion) florid, ruddy.

Sanhedrin  n. Highest court of justice and the supreme council in ancient jerusalem. [greek sunedrion council]

Sanitarium  n. (pl. -s or -ria) us = +sanatorium. [related to +sanitary]

Sanitary  adj. 1 (of conditions etc.) Affecting health. 2 hygienic. ~ sanitariness n. [latin sanitas: related to +sane]

Sanitary towel  n. (us sanitary napkin) absorbent pad used during menstruation.

Sanitation  n. 1 sanitary conditions. 2 maintenance etc. Of these. 3 disposal of sewage and refuse etc.

Sanitize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 make sanitary; disinfect. 2 colloq. Censor (information etc.) To make it more acceptable.

Sanity  n. 1 being sane. 2 moderation. [latin sanitas: related to +sane]

Sank  past of +sink.

Sansculotte  n. (esp. In the french revolution) extreme republican. [french, literally = ‘without knee-breeches’]

Sanserif  n. (also sans-serif) form of type without serifs. [apparently from sans without, +serif]

Sanskrit  —n. Ancient and sacred language of the hindus in india. —adj. Of or in this language. [sanskrit, = composed]

Santa claus  n. Person said to bring children presents on christmas eve. [dutch, = st nicholas]

Sap1  —n. 1 vital juice circulating in plants. 2 vigour, vitality. 3 slang foolish person. —v. (-pp-) 1 drain or dry (wood) of sap. 2 weaken. [old english]

Sap2  —n. Tunnel or trench dug to get nearer to the enemy. —v. (-pp-) 1 dig saps. 2 undermine. [french sappe or italian zappa spade]

Sapient  adj. Literary 1 wise. 2 aping wisdom. ~ sapience n. [latin sapio be wise]

Sapling  n. Young tree. [from +sap1]

Sapper  n. 1 person who digs saps. 2 soldier of the royal engineers (esp. As the official term for a private).

Sapphic  adj. 1 of sappho or her poetry. 2 lesbian. [greek sappho, poetess of lesbos]

Sapphire  —n. 1 transparent blue precious stone. 2 its bright blue colour. —adj. (also sapphire blue) bright blue. [greek sappheiros lapis lazuli]

Sappy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 full of sap. 2 young and vigorous.

Saprophyte  n. Plant or micro-organism living on dead or decayed organic matter. [greek sapros rotten, phuo grow]

Saraband  n. 1 slow stately spanish dance. 2 music for this. [spanish zarabanda]

Saracen  n.  Hist. Arab or muslim at the time of the crusades. [greek sarakenos]

Sarcasm  n. Ironically scornful language. ~ sarcastic adj. Sarcastically adv. [greek sarkazo speak bitterly]

Sarcoma  n. (pl. -s or -mata) malignant tumour of connective tissue. [greek sarx sark- flesh]

Sarcophagus  n. (pl. -phagi) stone coffin. [greek, = flesh-consumer]

Sardine  n. (pl. Same or -s) young pilchard etc. Sold in closely packed tins. ~ like sardines crowded close together. [french from latin]

Sardonic  adj. Bitterly mocking or cynical. ~ sardonically adv. [greek sardonios sardinian]

Sardonyx  n. Onyx in which white layers alternate with yellow or orange ones. [greek sardonux]

Sargasso  n. (pl. -s or -es) (also sargassum) (pl. -gassa) seaweed with berry-like air-vessels. [portuguese]

Sarge  n. Slang sergeant. [abbreviation]

Sari  n. (pl. -s) length of cloth draped round the body, traditionally worn by women of the indian subcontinent. [hindi]

Sarky  adj. (-ier, -iest) slang sarcastic. [abbreviation]

Sarnie  n. Colloq. Sandwich. [abbreviation]

Sarong  n. Malay and javanese garment of a long strip of cloth tucked round the waist or under the armpits. [malay]

Sarsaparilla  n. 1 preparation of the dried roots of various plants, esp. Smilax, used to flavour some drinks and medicines and formerly as a tonic. 2 plant yielding this. [spanish]

Sarsen  n. Sandstone boulder carried by ice during a glacial period. [from +saracen]

Sarsenet  n. Soft silk material used esp. For linings. [anglo-french from sarzin +saracen]

Sartorial  adj. Of men's clothes or tailoring. ~ sartorially adv. [latin sartor tailor]

Sas  abbr. Special air service.

Sash1  n. Strip or loop of cloth etc. Worn over one shoulder or round the waist. [arabic, = muslin]

Sash2  n. Frame holding the glass in a sash-window. [from +chassis]

Sashay  v. Esp. Us colloq. Walk or move ostentatiously, casually, or diagonally. [french chassé]

Sash-cord  n. Strong cord attaching the sash-weights to a window sash.

Sash-weight  n. Weight attached to each end of a window sash.

Sash-window  n. Window sliding up and down in grooves.

Sass  us colloq. —n. Impudence, cheek. —v. Be impudent to. [var. Of +sauce]

Sassafras  n. 1 small n. American tree. 2 medicinal preparation from its leaves or bark. [spanish or portuguese]

Sassenach  n. Scot. & ir. Usu. Derog. English person. [gaelic sasunnoch]

Sassy  adj. (-ier, -iest) esp. Us colloq. Impudent, cheeky. [var. Of +saucy]

Sat  abbr. Standard assessment task.

Sat.  Abbr. Saturday.

Sat  past and past part. Of +sit.

Satan  n. The devil; lucifer. [hebrew, = enemy]

Satanic  adj. Of or like satan; hellish; evil. ~ satanically adv.

Satanism  n. 1 worship of satan. 2 pursuit of evil. ~ satanist n. & adj.

Satchel  n. Small shoulder-bag for carrying school-books etc. [latin: related to +sack1]

Sate  v. (-ting) formal gratify fully; surfeit. [probably dial. Sade satisfy]

Sateen  n. Glossy cotton fabric like satin. [satin after velveteen]

Satellite  —n. 1 celestial or artificial body orbiting the earth or another planet. 2 (in full satellite state) small country controlled by another. —attrib. Adj. Transmitted by satellite (satellite television). [latin satelles -lit- attendant]

Satellite dish  n. Dish-shaped aerial for receiving satellite television.

Satiate  v. (-ting) = +sate. ~ satiable adj. Satiation n. [latin satis enough]

Satiety  n. Formal being sated. [latin: related to +satiate]

Satin  —n. Silk etc. Fabric glossy on one side. —adj. Smooth as satin. ~ satiny adj. [arabic zaituni]

Satinwood  n. A kind of yellow glossy timber.

Satire  n. 1 ridicule, irony, etc., used to expose folly or vice etc. 2 work using this. ~ satirical adj. Satirically adv. [latin satira medley]

Satirist  n. 1 writer of satires. 2 satirical person.

Satirize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) attack or describe with satire.

Satisfaction  n. 1 satisfying or being satisfied (derived great satisfaction). 2 thing that satisfies (is a great satisfaction to me). 3 (foll. By for) atonement; compensation (demanded satisfaction).

Satisfactory  adj. Adequate; giving satisfaction. ~ satisfactorily adv.

Satisfy  v. (-ies, -ied) 1 a meet the expectations or desires of. B be adequate. 2 meet (an appetite or want). 3 rid (a person) of such an appetite or want. 4 pay (a debt or creditor). 5 adequately fulfil or comply with (conditions etc.). 6 (often foll. By of, that) convince, esp. With proof etc. ~ satisfy oneself (often foll. By that) become certain. [latin satisfacio]

Satrap  n. 1 provincial governor in the ancient persian empire. 2 subordinate ruler. [persian, = protector of the land]

Satsuma  n. Variety of tangerine. [satsuma, province in japan]

Saturate  v. (-ting) 1 fill with moisture. 2 (often foll. By with) fill to capacity. 3 cause (a substance etc.) To absorb, hold, etc. As much as possible of another substance etc. 4 supply (a market) beyond demand. 5 (as saturated adj.) (of fat molecules) containing the greatest number of hydrogen atoms. [latin satur full]

Saturation  n. Saturating or being saturated.

Saturation point  n. Stage beyond which no more can be absorbed or accepted.

Saturday  —n. Day of the week following friday. —adv. Colloq. 1 on saturday. 2 (saturdays) on saturdays; each saturday. [latin: related to +saturnalia]

Saturnalia  n. (pl. Same or -s) 1 (usu. Saturnalia) rom. Hist. Festival of saturn in december, the predecessor of christmas. 2 (as sing. Or pl.) Scene of wild revelry. [latin, pl. From saturnus roman god]

Saturnine  adj. Of gloomy temperament or appearance.

Satyr  n. 1 (in greek and roman mythology) woodland god with some horselike or goatlike features. 2 lecherous man. [greek saturos]

Sauce  —n. 1 liquid or viscous accompaniment to a dish. 2 something adding piquancy or excitement. 3 colloq. Impudence, impertinence, cheek. —v. (-cing) colloq. Be impudent to; cheek. [latin salsus salted]

Sauce-boat  n. Jug or dish for serving sauces etc.

Saucepan  n. Cooking pan, usu. Round with a lid and a projecting handle, used on a hob.

Saucer  n. 1 shallow circular dish for standing a cup on. 2 thing of this shape. ~ saucerful n. (pl. -s). [french saussier]

Saucy  adj. (-ier, -iest) impudent, cheeky. ~ saucily adv. Sauciness n.

Sauerkraut  n. German dish of pickled cabbage. [german]

Sauna  n. 1 period spent in a special room heated very hot, to clean the body. 2 such a room. [finnish]

Saunter  —v. Walk slowly; stroll. —n. Leisurely walk. [origin unknown]

Saurian  adj. Of or like a lizard. [greek saura lizard]

Sausage  n. 1 a seasoned minced meat etc. In a cylindrical edible skin. B piece of this. 2 sausage-shaped object. ~ not a sausage colloq. Nothing at all. [french saussiche]

Sausage meat  n. Minced meat used in sausages etc.

Sausage roll  n. Sausage meat in a pastry roll.

Sauté  —attrib. Adj. (esp. Of potatoes) fried quickly in a little fat. —n. Food so cooked. —v. (sautéd or sautéed) cook in this way. [french sauter jump]

Sauternes  n. Sweet white wine from sauternes in the bordeaux region of france. [sauternes in france]

Savage  —adj. 1 fierce; cruel. 2 wild; primitive. —n. 1 derog. Member of a primitive tribe. 2 cruel or barbarous person. —v. (-ging) 1 attack and maul. 2 attack verbally. ~ savagely adv. Savagery n. (pl. -ies). [french from latin silva a wood]

Savannah  n. (also savanna) grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions. [spanish]

Savant  n. (fem. Savante,) learned person. [french]

Save1  —v. (-ving) 1 (often foll. By from) rescue or keep from danger, harm, etc. 2 (often foll. By up) keep (esp. Money) for future use. 3 a (often refl.) Relieve (another or oneself) from spending (money, time, trouble, etc.); prevent exposure to (annoyance etc.). B obviate the need for. 4 preserve from damnation; convert. 5  a avoid losing (a game, match, etc.). B prevent (a goal etc.) From being scored. —n. Football etc. Prevention of a goal etc. ~ savable adj. (also saveable). [latin salvo from salvus safe]

Save2  archaic or poet. —prep. Except; but. —conj. (often foll. By for) except; but. [latin salvo, salva, ablative sing. Of salvus safe]

Save-as-you-earn  n. Saving by regular deduction from earnings at source.

Saveloy  n. Seasoned dried smoked sausage. [italian cervellata]

Saver  n. 1 person who saves esp. Money. 2 (often in comb.) Thing that saves (time etc.). 3 cheap (esp. Off-peak) fare.

Saving  —adj. (often in comb.) Making economical use of (labour-saving). —n. 1 anything that is saved. 2 an economy (a saving in expenses). 3 (usu. In pl.) Money saved. 4 act of preserving or rescuing. —prep. 1 except. 2 without offence to (saving your presence).

Saving grace  n. Redeeming quality.

Savings bank  n. Bank paying interest on small deposits.

Savings certificate  n. Interest-bearing government certificate issued to savers.

Savior  n. (brit. Saviour) 1 person who saves from danger etc. 2 (saviour) (prec. By the, our) christ. [latin: related to +save1]

Saviour  n. (us savior) 1 person who saves from danger etc. 2 (saviour) (prec. By the, our) christ. [latin: related to +save1]

Savoir faire  n. Ability to behave appropriately; tact. [french]

Savor  (brit. Savour) —n. 1 characteristic taste, flavour, etc. 2 hint of a different quality etc. In something. —v. 1 appreciate and enjoy (food, an experience, etc.). 2 (foll. By of) imply or suggest (a specified quality). [latin sapor]

Savory  (brit. Savoury) —adj. 1 having an appetizing taste or smell. 2 (of food) salty or piquant, not sweet. 3 pleasant; acceptable. —n. (pl. -ies) savoury dish. ~ savouriness n.

Savour  (us savor) —n. 1 characteristic taste, flavour, etc. 2 hint of a different quality etc. In something. —v. 1 appreciate and enjoy (food, an experience, etc.). 2 (foll. By of) imply or suggest (a specified quality). [latin sapor]

Savoury  (us savory) —adj. 1 having an appetizing taste or smell. 2 (of food) salty or piquant, not sweet. 3 pleasant; acceptable. —n. (pl. -ies) savoury dish. ~ savouriness n.

Savoy  n. Cabbage with wrinkled leaves. [savoy in se france]

Savvy  slang —v. (-ies, -ied) know. —n. Knowingness; understanding. —adj. (-ier, -iest) us knowing; wise. [pidgin alteration of spanish sabe usted you know]

Saw1  —n. 1 hand tool with a toothed blade used to cut esp. Wood with a to-and-fro movement. 2 power tool with a toothed rotating disk or moving band, for cutting. —v. (past part. Sawn or sawed) 1 cut (wood etc.) Or make (boards etc.) With a saw. 2 use a saw. 3 a move with a sawing motion (sawing away on his violin). B divide (the air etc.) With gesticulations. [old english]

Saw2  past of +see1.

Saw3  n. Proverb; maxim. [old english: related to +say]

Sawdust  n. Powdery wood particles produced in sawing.

Sawfish  n. (pl. Same or -es) large marine fish with a toothed flat snout.

Sawmill  n. Factory for sawing planks.

Sawn  past part. Of +saw1.

Sawn-off  adj. (us sawed-off) (of a shotgun) with part of the barrel sawn off.

Sawtooth  adj. (also sawtoothed) serrated.

Sawyer  n. Person who saws timber, esp. For a living.

Sax  n. Colloq. Saxophone. [abbreviation]

Saxe  n. & adj. (in full saxe blue; as adj. Often hyphenated) light greyish-blue colour. [french, = saxony]

Saxifrage  n. Rock-plant with small white, yellow, or red flowers. [latin saxum rock, frango break]

Saxon  —n. 1 hist. A member of the germanic people that conquered parts of england in 5th–6th c. B (usu. Old saxon) language of the saxons. 2 = +anglo-saxon. —adj. 1 hist. Of the saxons. 2 = +anglo-saxon. [latin saxo -onis]

Saxophone  n. Metal woodwind reed instrument used esp. In jazz. ~ saxophonist n. [sax, name of the maker]

Say  —v. (3rd sing. Present says; past and past part. Said) 1 (often foll. By that) a utter (specified words); remark. B express (say what you feel). 2 (often foll. By that) a state; promise or prophesy. B have specified wording; indicate (clock says ten to six). 3 (in passive; usu. Foll. By to + infin.) Be asserted (is said to be old). 4 (foll. By to + infin.) Colloq. Tell to do (he said to hurry). 5 convey (information) (spoke, but said little). 6 offer as an argument or excuse (much to be said in favour of it). 7 (often absol.) Give an opinion or decision as to (hard to say). 8 take as an example or as near enough (paid, say, £20). 9 recite or repeat (prayers, mass, tables, a lesson, etc.). 10 convey (inner meaning etc.) (what is the poem saying?). 11 (the said) law or joc. The previously mentioned. —n. 1 opportunity to express a view (let him have his say). 2 share in a decision (had no say in it). ~ i'll say colloq. Yes indeed. I say! Exclamation of surprise etc. Or drawing attention. That is to say in other words, more explicitly. [old english]

Saye  abbr. Save-as-you-earn.

Saying  n. Maxim, proverb, etc. ~ go without saying be too obvious to need mention.

Say-so  n. Colloq. 1 power of decision. 2 mere assertion (his say-so is not enough).

Sb  symb. Antimony. [latin stibium]

S-bend  n.s-shaped bend in a road or pipe.

Sc  symb. Scandium.

Sc.  Abbr. Scilicet.

S.c.  Abbr. Small capitals.

Scab  —n. 1 crust over a healing cut, sore, etc. 2 (often attrib.) Colloq. Derog. Blackleg. 3 skin disease, esp. In animals. 4 fungous plant disease. —v. (-bb-) 1 colloq. Derog. Act as a blackleg. 2 form a scab, heal over. ~ scabby adj. (-ier, -iest). [old norse: cf. +shabby]

Scabbard  n. Hist. Sheath of a sword etc. [anglo-french]

Scabies  n. Contagious skin disease causing itching. [latin]

Scabious  n. Plant with esp. Blue pincushion-shaped flowers. [medieval latin scabiosa (herba) named as curing scabies]

Scabrous  adj. 1 rough, scaly. 2 indecent, salacious. [latin]

Scaffold  n. 1 hist. Platform for the execution of criminals. 2 = +scaffolding. [romanic: related to +ex-1, +catafalque]

Scaffolding  n. 1 a temporary structure of poles, planks, etc., for building work. B materials for this. 2 any temporary framework.

Scalar  math. & physics —adj. (of a quantity) having only magnitude, not direction. —n. Scalar quantity. [latin: related to +scale3]

Scalawag  var. Of +scallywag.

Scald  —v. 1 burn (the skin etc.) With hot liquid or steam. 2 heat (esp. Milk) to near boiling point. 3 (usu. Foll. By out) clean with boiling water. —n. Burn etc. Caused by scalding. [latin excaldo from calidus hot]

Scale1  —n. 1 each of the thin horny plates protecting the skin of fish and reptiles. 2 something resembling this. 3 white deposit formed in a kettle etc. By hard water. 4 tartar formed on teeth. —v. (-ling) 1 remove scale(s) from. 2 form or come off in scales. ~ scaly adj. (-ier, -iest). [french escale]

Scale2  n. 1 a (often in pl.) Weighing machine. B (also scale-pan) each of the dishes on a simple balance. 2 (the scales) zodiacal sign or constellation libra. ~ tip (or turn) the scales 1 be the decisive factor. 2 (usu. Foll. By at) weigh. [old norse skál bowl]

Scale3  —n. 1 graded classification system (high on the social scale). 2 a (often attrib.) Ratio of reduction or enlargement in a map, model, picture, etc. (on a scale of one inch to the mile; a scale model). B relative dimensions. 3 mus. Set of notes at fixed intervals, arranged in order of pitch. 4 a set of marks on a line used in measuring etc. B rule determining the distances between these. C rod etc. On which these are marked. —v. (-ling) 1 a climb (a wall, height, etc.). B climb (the social scale, heights of ambition, etc.). 2 represent proportionally; reduce to a common scale. ~ in scale in proportion. Scale down (or up) make or become smaller (or larger) in proportion. To scale uniformly in proportion. [latin scala ladder]

Scalene  adj. (esp. Of a triangle) having unequal sides. [greek skalenos unequal]

Scallion  n. Esp. Us shallot; spring onion etc. [latin from ascalon in ancient palestine]

Scallop  (also scollop) —n. 1 edible mollusc with two fan-shaped ridged shells. 2 (in full scallop shell) single shell of a scallop, often used for cooking or serving food in. 3 (in pl.) Ornamental edging of semicircular curves. —v. (-p-) ornament with scallops. ~ scalloping n. (in sense 3 of n.). [french +escalope]

Scallywag  n. (also scalawag) scamp, rascal. [origin unknown]

Scalp  —n. 1 skin on the head, with the hair etc. Attached. 2 hist. This cut off as a trophy by an american indian. —v. 1 hist. Take the scalp of (an enemy). 2 us colloq. Resell (shares etc.) At a high or quick profit. [probably scandinavian]

Scalpel  n. Surgeon's small sharp knife. [latin scalpo scratch]

Scam  n. Us slang trick, fraud. [origin unknown]

Scamp  n. Colloq. Rascal; rogue. [probably dutch]

Scamper  —v. Run and skip. —n. Act of scampering. [perhaps from +scamp]

Scampi  n.pl. Large prawns. [italian]

Scan  —v. (-nn-) 1 look at intently or quickly. 2 (of a verse etc.) Be metrically correct. 3 a examine (a surface etc.) To detect radioactivity etc. B traverse (a particular region) with a radar etc. Beam. 4 resolve (a picture) into its elements of light and shade for esp. Television transmission. 5 analyse the metrical structure of (verse). 6 obtain an image of (part of the body) using a scanner. —n. 1 scanning. 2 image obtained by scanning. [latin scando climb, scan]

Scandal  n. 1 cause of public outrage. 2 outrage etc. So caused. 3 malicious gossip. ~ scandalous adj. Scandalously adv. [greek skandalon, = snare]

Scandalize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) offend morally; shock.

Scandalmonger  n. Person who habitually spreads scandal.

Scandinavian  —n. 1 a native or inhabitant of scandinavia (denmark, norway, sweden, and iceland). B person of scandinavian descent. 2 family of languages of scandinavia. —adj. Of scandinavia. [latin]

Scandium  n. Metallic element occurring naturally in lanthanide ores. [latin scandia scandinavia]

Scanner  n. 1 device for scanning or systematically examining all the parts of something. 2 machine for measuring radiation, ultrasound reflections, etc., from the body as a diagnostic aid.

Scansion  n. Metrical scanning of verse. [latin: related to +scan]

Scant  adj. Barely sufficient; deficient. [old norse]

Scanty  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of small extent or amount. 2 barely sufficient. ~ scantily adv. Scantiness n.

Scapegoat  n. Person blamed for others' shortcomings (with ref. To lev. 16). [obsolete scape escape]

Scapula  n. (pl. -lae or -s) shoulder-blade. [latin]

Scapular  —adj. Of the shoulder or shoulder-blade. —n. Short monastic cloak.

Scar1  —n. 1 usu. Permanent mark on the skin from a wound etc. 2 emotional damage from grief etc. 3 sign of damage. 4 mark left on a plant by the loss of a leaf etc. —v. (-rr-) 1 (esp. As scarred adj.) Mark with a scar or scars (scarred for life). 2 form a scar. [french eschar(r)e]

Scar2  n. (also scaur) steep craggy outcrop of a mountain or cliff. [old norse, = reef]

Scarab  n. 1 a sacred dung-beetle of ancient egypt. B a kind of beetle. 2 ancient egyptian gem cut in the form of a beetle. [latin scarabaeus from greek]

Scarce  —adj. 1 (usu. Predic.) (esp. Of food, money, etc.) In short supply. 2 rare. —adv. Archaic or literary scarcely. ~ make oneself scarce colloq. Keep out of the way; surreptitiously disappear. [french scars latin excerpto +excerpt]

Scarcely  adv. 1 hardly, only just (had scarcely arrived). 2 surely not (can scarcely have said so). 3 esp. Iron. Not (scarcely expected to be insulted).

Scarcity  n. (pl. -ies) (often foll. By of) lack or shortage, esp. Of food.

Scare  —v. (-ring) 1 frighten, esp. Suddenly. 2 (as scared adj.) (usu. Foll. By of, or to + infin.) Frightened; terrified. 3 (usu. Foll. By away, off, up, etc.) Drive away by frightening. 4 become scared (they don't scare easily). —n. 1 sudden attack of fright. 2 alarm caused by rumour etc. (a measles scare). [old norse]

Scarecrow  n. 1 human figure dressed in old clothes and set up in a field to scare birds away. 2 colloq. Badly-dressed, grotesque-looking, or very thin person.

Scaremonger  n. Person who spreads alarming rumours. ~ scaremongering n.

Scarf1  n. (pl. Scarves or -s) piece of material worn esp. Round the neck or over the head, for warmth or ornament. [french escarpe]

Scarf2  —v. Join the ends of (timber etc.) By bevelling or notching them to fit and then bolting them etc. —n. (pl. -s) joint made by scarfing. [probably french escarf]

Scarify1  v. (-ies, -ied) 1 a make slight incisions in. B cut off skin from. 2 hurt by severe criticism etc. 3 loosen (soil). ~ scarification n. [greek skariphos stylus]

Scarify2  v. (-ies, -ied) colloq. Scare.

Scarlatina  n. = +scarlet fever. [italian: related to +scarlet]

Scarlet  —adj. Of brilliant red tinged with orange. —n. 1 scarlet colour or pigment. 2 scarlet clothes or material (dressed in scarlet). [french escarlate]

Scarlet fever  n. Infectious bacterial fever with a scarlet rash.

Scarlet pimpernel  n. Wild plant with small esp. Scarlet flowers.

Scarlet woman  n. Derog. Promiscuous woman, prostitute.

Scarp  —n. Steep slope, esp. The inner side of a ditch in a fortification. —v. Make perpendicular or steep. [italian scarpa]

Scarper  v. Slang run away, escape. [probably italian scappare escape]

Scarves  pl. Of +scarf1.

Scary  adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. Frightening.

Scat1  v. (-tt-) (usu. In imper.) Colloq. Depart quickly. [perhaps an abbreviation of +scatter]

Scat2  —n. Wordless jazz singing. —v. (-tt-) sing scat. [probably imitative]

Scathing  adj. Witheringly scornful. ~ scathingly adv. [old norse]

Scatology  n. Excessive interest in excrement or obscenity. ~ scatological adj. [greek skor skat- dung]

Scatter  —v. 1 a throw about; strew. B cover by scattering. 2 a (cause to) move in flight etc.; disperse. B disperse or cause (hopes, clouds, etc.) To disperse. 3 (as scattered adj.) Wide apart or sporadic (scattered villages). 4 physics deflect or diffuse (light, particles, etc.). —n. 1 act of scattering. 2 small amount scattered. 3 extent of distribution. [probably var. Of +shatter]

Scatterbrain  n. Person lacking concentration. ~ scatterbrained adj.

Scatty  adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. Scatterbrained. ~ scattily adv. Scattiness n.

Scaur  var. Of +scar2.

Scavenge  v. (-ging) (usu. Foll. By for; also absol.) Search for and collect (discarded items). [back-formation from +scavenger]

Scavenger  n. 1 person who scavenges. 2 animal feeding on carrion, refuse, etc. [anglo-french scawager: related to +show]

Sc.d.  Abbr. Doctor of science. [latin scientiae doctor]

Sce  abbr. Scottish certificate of education.

Scenario  n. (pl. -s) 1 outline of the plot of a play, film, etc. 2 postulated sequence of future events. [italian]

Usage  scenario should not be used in standard english to mean ‘situation’, as in it was an unpleasant scenario.

Scene  n. 1 place in which events, real or fictional, occur. 2 a incident, real or fictional. B description of this. 3 public display of emotion, temper, etc. (made a scene in the restaurant). 4 a continuous portion of a play in a fixed setting; subdivision of an act. B similar section of a film, book, etc. 5 a piece of scenery used in a play. B these collectively. 6 landscape or view. 7 colloq. A area of interest (not my scene). B milieu (well-known on the jazz scene). ~ behind the scenes 1 offstage. 2 secret; secretly. Set the scene describe the location of events. [greek skene tent, stage]

Scenery  n. 1 natural features of a landscape, esp. When picturesque. 2 painted backcloths, props, etc., used as the background in a play etc. [italian: related to +scenario]

Scene-shifter  n. Person who moves scenery in a theatre.

Scenic  adj. 1 a picturesque. B of natural scenery. 2 of or on the stage. ~ scenically adv.

Scent  —n. 1 distinctive, esp. Pleasant, smell. 2 = +perfume 2. 3 a perceptible smell left by an animal. B clues etc. Leading to a discovery. C power of detecting esp. Smells. —v. 1 a discern by scent. B sense (scented danger). 2 (esp. As scented adj.) Make fragrant (scented soap). ~ put (or throw) off the scent deceive by false clues etc. Scent out discover by smelling or searching. [french sentir perceive]

Scepter  n. (brit. Sceptre) staff as a symbol of sovereignty. [greek skepto lean on]

Sceptic  n. (us skeptic) 1 person inclined to doubt accepted opinions. 2 person who doubts the truth of religions. 3 philosopher who questions the possibility of knowledge. ~ scepticism n. [greek skeptomai observe]

Sceptical  adj. (us skeptical) inclined to doubt accepted opinions; critical; incredulous. ~ sceptically adv.

Sceptre  n. (us scepter) staff as a symbol of sovereignty. [greek skepto lean on]

Schadenfreude  n. Malicious enjoyment of another's misfortunes. [german schaden harm, freude joy]

Schedule  —n. 1 a list of intended events, times, etc. B plan of work. 2 list of rates or prices. 3 us timetable. 4 tabulated list. —v. (-ling) 1 include in a schedule. 2 make a schedule of. 3 list (a building) for preservation. ~ according to (or on) schedule as planned; on time. [latin schedula slip of paper]

Scheduled flight  n. (also scheduled service etc.) Regular public flight, service, etc.

Schema  n. (pl. Schemata or -s) synopsis, outline, or diagram. [greek skhema -at- form, figure]

Schematic  —adj. Of or as a scheme or schema; diagrammatic. —n. Diagram, esp. Of an electronic circuit. ~ schematically adv.

Schematize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) put in schematic form.

Scheme  —n. 1 systematic plan or arrangement (colour scheme). 2 artful plot. 3 timetable, outline, syllabus, etc. —v. (-ming) plan, esp. Secretly or deceitfully. ~ scheming adj. [greek: related to +schema]

Scherzo  n. (pl. -s) mus. Vigorous, often playful, piece, esp. As part of a larger work. [italian, = jest]

Schism  n. Division of a group (esp. Religious) into sects etc., usu. Over doctrine. ~ schismatic adj. & n. [greek skhizo to split]

Schist  n. Layered crystalline rock. [greek skhizo to split]

Schizo  colloq. —adj. Schizophrenic. —n. (pl. -s) schizophrenic person. [abbreviation]

Schizoid  —adj. Tending to schizophrenia but usu. Without delusions. —n. Schizoid person.

Schizophrenia  n. Mental disease marked by a breakdown in the relation between thoughts, feelings, and actions, and often with delusions and retreat from social life. ~ schizophrenic adj. & n. [greek skhizo split, phren mind]

Schlock  n. Us colloq. Trash. [yiddish shlak a blow]

Schmaltz  n. Colloq. Esp. Us sentimentality, esp. In music, drama, etc. ~ schmaltzy adj. [yiddish]

Schmuck  n. Slang esp. Us foolish or contemptible person. [yiddish]

Schnapps  n. Any of various spirits drunk in n. Europe. [german]

Schnitzel  n. Escalope of veal. [german]

Scholar  n. 1 learned person, academic. 2 holder of a scholarship. 3 person of specified academic ability (poor scholar). ~ scholarly adj. [latin: related to +school1]

Scholarship  n. 1 a academic achievement, esp. Of a high level. B standards of a good scholar (shows great scholarship). 2 financial award for a student etc., given for scholarly achievement.

Scholastic  adj. 1 of schools, education, etc.; academic. 2 hist. Of scholasticism. [greek: related to +school1]

Scholasticism  n. Hist. Medieval western church philosophy.

School1  —n. 1 a educational institution for pupils up to 19 years of age, or (us) including college or university level. B (attrib.) Of or for use in school (school dinners). 2 a school buildings, pupils, staff, etc. B time of teaching; the teaching itself (no school today). 3 university department or faculty. 4 a group of similar artists etc., esp. Followers of an artist etc. B group of like-minded people (belongs to the old school). 5 group of card-players etc. 6 colloq. Instructive circumstances etc. (school of adversity). —v. 1 send to school; educate. 2 (often foll. By to) discipline, train, control. 3 (as schooled adj.) (foll. By in) educated or trained (schooled in humility). ~ at (us in) school attending lessons etc. Go to school attend lessons. [greek skhole]

School2  n. (often foll. By of) shoal of fish, whales, etc. [low german or dutch]

School age  n. Age-range of school attendance.

Schoolboy  n. Boy attending school.

Schoolchild  n. Child attending school.

Schoolgirl  n. Girl attending school.

Schoolhouse  n. School building, esp. In a village.

Schooling  n. Education, esp. At school.

School-leaver  n. Person finishing secondary school (esp. Considered as joining the job market).

Schoolmaster  n. Head or assistant male teacher.

Schoolmistress  n. Head or assistant female teacher.

Schoolroom  n. Room used for lessons.

Schoolteacher  n. Teacher in a school.

School year  n. Period from september to july.

Schooner  n. 1 fore-and-aft rigged ship with two or more masts. 2 a measure or glass for esp. Sherry. B us & austral. Tall beer-glass. [origin uncertain]

Schottische  n. 1 a kind of slow polka. 2 music for this. [german, = scottish]

Sciatic  adj. 1 of the hip. 2 of the sciatic nerve. 3 suffering from or liable to sciatica. [greek iskhion hip]

Sciatica  n. Neuralgia of the hip and leg. [latin: related to +sciatic]

Sciatic nerve  n. Largest nerve, running from pelvis to thigh.

Science  n. 1 branch of knowledge involving systematized observation and experiment. 2 a knowledge so gained, or on a specific subject. B pursuit or principles of this. 3 skilful technique. [latin scio know]

Science fiction  n. Fiction with a scientific theme, esp. Concerned with the future, space, other worlds, etc.

Science park  n. Area containing science-based industries.

Scientific  adj. 1 a following the systematic methods of science. B systematic, accurate. 2 of, used in, or engaged in science. ~ scientifically adv.

Scientist  n. Student or expert in science.

Scientology  n. System of religious philosophy based on self-improvement and graded courses of study and training. ~ scientologist n. & adj. [latin scientia knowledge]

Sci-fi  n. (often attrib.) Colloq. Science fiction. [abbreviation]

Scilicet  adv. That is to say (used esp. In explanation of an ambiguity). [latin]

Scimitar  n. Curved oriental sword. [french and italian]

Scintilla  n. Trace. [latin, = spark]

Scintillate  v. (-ting) 1 (esp. As scintillating adj.) Talk cleverly; be brilliant. 2 sparkle; twinkle. ~ scintillation n. [latin: related to +scintilla]

Scion  n. 1 shoot of a plant etc., esp. One cut for grafting or planting. 2 descendant; younger member of (esp. A noble) family. [french]

Scirocco  var. Of +sirocco.

Scissors  n.pl. (also pair of scissors sing.) Hand-held cutting instrument with two pivoted blades opening and closing. [latin caedo cut: related to +chisel]

Sclerosis  n. 1 abnormal hardening of body tissue. 2 (in full multiple or disseminated sclerosis) serious progressive disease of the nervous system. ~ sclerotic adj. [greek skleros hard]

Scoff1  —v. (usu. Foll. By at) speak scornfully; mock. —n. Mocking words; taunt. [perhaps from scandinavian]

Scoff2  colloq. —v. Eat greedily. —n. Food; a meal. [afrikaans schoff from dutch]

Scold  —v. 1 rebuke (esp. A child). 2 find fault noisily. —n. Archaic nagging woman. ~ scolding n. [probably old norse]

Scollop  var. Of +scallop.

Sconce  n. Wall-bracket for a candlestick or light-fitting. [latin (ab)sconsa covered (light)]

Scone  n. Small cake of flour, fat, and milk, baked quickly. [origin uncertain]

Scoop  —n. 1 spoon-shaped object, esp.: a a short-handled deep shovel for loose materials. B a large long-handled ladle for liquids. C the excavating part of a digging-machine etc. D an instrument for serving ice-cream etc. 2 quantity taken up by a scoop. 3 scooping movement. 4 exclusive news item. 5 large profit made quickly. —v. 1 (usu. Foll. By out) hollow out (as if) with a scoop. 2 (usu. Foll. By up) lift (as if) with a scoop. 3 forestall (a rival newspaper etc.) With a scoop. 4 secure (a large profit etc.), esp. Suddenly. [low german or dutch]

Scoot  v. (esp. In imper.) Colloq. Depart quickly, flee. [origin unknown]

Scooter  n. 1 child's toy with a footboard on two wheels and a long steering-handle. 2 (in full motor scooter) low-powered motor cycle with a shieldlike protective front.

Scope  n. 1 range or opportunity (beyond the scope of our research). 2 extent of mental ability, outlook, etc. (intellect limited in its scope). [greek, = target]

-scope  comb. Form forming nouns denoting: 1 device looked at or through (telescope). 2 instrument for observing or showing (oscilloscope). ~ -scopic comb. Form forming adjectives. [greek skopeo look at]

-scopy  comb. Form indicating viewing or observation, usu. With an instrument ending in -scope (microscopy).

Scorbutic  adj. Of, like, or affected with scurvy. [latin scorbutus scurvy]

Scorch  —v. 1 burn or discolour the surface of with dry heat. 2 become so discoloured etc. 3 (as scorching adj.) Colloq. A (of the weather) very hot. B (of criticism etc.) Stringent; harsh. —n. Mark made by scorching. [origin unknown]

Scorched earth policy  n. Policy of destroying anything that might be of use to an invading enemy.

Scorcher  n. Colloq. Very hot day.

Score  —n. 1 a number of points, goals, runs, etc., made by a player or side in some games. B respective numbers of points etc. At the end of a game (score was five–nil). C act of gaining esp. A goal. 2 (pl. Same or -s) twenty or a set of twenty. 3 (in pl.) A great many (scores of people). 4 reason or motive (rejected on that score). 5 mus. A copy of a composition showing all the vocal and instrumental parts arranged one below the other. B music for a film or play, esp. For a musical. 6 notch, line, etc. Cut or scratched into a surface. 7 record of money owing. —v. (-ring) 1 a win or gain (a goal, points, success, etc.). B count for (points in a game etc.) (a boundary scores six). 2 a make a score in a game (failed to score). B keep score in a game. 3 mark with notches etc. 4 have an advantage (that is where he scores). 5 mus. (often foll. By for) orchestrate or arrange (a piece of music). 6 slang a obtain drugs illegally. B make a sexual conquest. ~ keep score (or the score) register scores as they are made. Know the score colloq. Be aware of the essential facts. On that score so far as that is concerned. Score off (or score points off) colloq. Humiliate, esp. Verbally. Score out delete. ~ scorer n. [old norse: related to +shear]

Scoreboard  n. Large board for displaying the score in a game or match.

Score-book  n. (also score-card or -sheet) printed book etc. For entering esp. Cricket scores in.

Scoria  n. (pl. Scoriae) 1 cellular lava, or fragments of it. 2 slag or dross of metals. ~ scoriaceous adj. [greek skoria refuse]

Scorn  —n. Disdain, contempt, derision. —v. 1 hold in contempt. 2 reject or refuse to do as unworthy. [french escarnir]

Scornful  adj. (often foll. By of) contemptuous. ~ scornfully adv.

Scorpio  n. (pl. -s) 1 constellation and eighth sign of the zodiac (the scorpion). 2 person born when the sun is in this sign. [greek skorpios scorpion]

Scorpion  n. 1 arachnid with pincers and a jointed stinging tail. 2 (the scorpion) zodiacal sign or constellation scorpio.

Scot  n. 1 native of scotland. 2 person of scottish descent. [latin scottus]

Scotch  —adj. Var. Of +scottish or +scots. —n. 1 var. Of +scottish or +scots. 2 scotch whisky. [from +scottish]

Usage  scots or scottish is preferred to scotch in scotland, except in the compound nouns scotch broth, egg, fir, mist, terrier, and whisky.

Scotch  v. 1 put an end to; frustrate. 2 archaic wound without killing. [origin unknown]

Scotch broth  n. Meat soup with pearl barley etc.

Scotch egg  n. Hard-boiled egg in sausage meat.

Scotch fir  n. (also scots fir) = +scots pine.

Scotch mist  n. Thick drizzly mist.

Scotch terrier  n. (also scottish terrier) small rough-haired terrier.

Scotch whisky  n. Whisky distilled in scotland.

Scot-free  adv. Unharmed, unpunished. [obsolete scot tax]

Scots  (also scotch) esp. Scot. —adj. 1 = +scottish adj. 2 in the dialect, accent, etc., of (esp. Lowlands) scotland. —n. 1 = +scottish n. 2 form of english spoken in (esp. Lowlands) scotland. [var. Of +scottish]

Scots fir  var. Of +scotch fir.

Scotsman  n. (fem. Scotswoman) = +scot.

Scots pine  n. (also scottish pine) a kind of pine tree.

Scottie  n. (also scottie dog) colloq. Scotch terrier.

Scottish  (also scotch) —adj. Of scotland or its inhabitants. —n. (prec. By the; treated as pl.) People of scotland.

Scottish pine  var. Of +scots pine.

Scottish terrier  var. Of +scotch terrier.

Scoundrel  n. Unscrupulous villain; rogue. [origin unknown]

Scour1  —v. 1 a cleanse by rubbing. B (usu. Foll. By away, off, etc.) Clear (rust, stains, etc.) By rubbing etc. 2 clear out (a pipe, channel, etc.) By flushing through. —n. Scouring or being scoured. ~ scourer n. [french escurer]

Scour2  v. Search thoroughly, esp. By scanning (scoured the streets for him; scoured the newspaper). [origin unknown]

Scourge  —n. 1 person or thing seen as causing suffering. 2 whip. —v. (-ging) 1 whip. 2 punish, oppress. [latin corrigia whip]

Scouse  colloq. —n. 1 liverpool dialect. 2 (also scouser) native of liverpool. —adj. Of liverpool. [from +lobscouse]

Scout  —n. 1 soldier etc. Sent ahead to get esp. Military intelligence. 2 search for this. 3 = +talent-scout. 4 (also scout) member of the scout association, an (orig. Boys') association intended to develop character. 5 domestic worker at an oxford college. —v. 1 (often foll. By for) go about searching for information etc. 2 (foll. By about, around) make a search. 3 (often foll. By out) colloq. Explore to get information about (territory etc.). ~ scouting n. [french escoute(r) from latin ausculto listen]

Scouter  n. Adult leader of scouts.

Scoutmaster  n. Person in charge of a group of scouts.

Scow  n. Esp. Us flat-bottomed boat. [dutch]

Scowl  —n. Severe frowning or sullen expression. —v. Make a scowl. [scandinavian]

Scrabble  —v. (-ling) scratch or grope about, esp. In search of something. —n. 1 act of scrabbling. 2 (scrabble) propr. Game in which players build up words from letter-blocks on a board. [dutch]

Scrag  —n. 1 (also scrag-end) inferior end of a neck of mutton. 2 skinny person or animal. —v. (-gg-) slang 1 strangle, hang. 2 handle roughly, beat up. [origin uncertain]

Scraggy  adj. (-ier, -iest) thin and bony. ~ scragginess n.

Scram  v. (-mm-) (esp. In imper.) Colloq. Go away. [perhaps from +scramble]

Scramble  —v. (-ling) 1 clamber, crawl, climb, etc., esp. Hurriedly or anxiously. 2 (foll. By for, at) struggle with competitors (for a thing or share). 3 mix together indiscriminately. 4 cook (eggs) by stirring them in a pan over heat. 5 change the speech frequency of (a broadcast transmission or telephone conversation) so as to make it unintelligible without a decoding device. 6 (of fighter aircraft or pilots) take off quickly in an emergency or for action. —n. 1 act of scrambling. 2 difficult climb or walk. 3 (foll. By for) eager struggle or competition. 4 motor-cycle race over rough ground. 5 emergency take-off by fighter aircraft. [imitative]

Scrambler  n. Device for scrambling telephone conversations.

Scrap1  —n. 1 small detached piece; fragment. 2 rubbish or waste material. 3 discarded metal for reprocessing (often attrib.: scrap metal). 4 (with neg.) Smallest piece or amount. 5 (in pl.) A odds and ends. B uneaten food. —v. (-pp-) discard as useless. [old norse: related to +scrape]

Scrap2  colloq. —n. Fight or rough quarrel. —v. (-pp-) have a scrap. [perhaps from +scrape]

Scrapbook  n. Blank book for sticking cuttings, drawings, etc., in.

Scrape  —v. (-ping) 1 a move a hard or sharp edge across (a surface), esp. To make smooth. B apply (a hard or sharp edge) in this way. 2 (foll. By away, off, etc.) Remove by scraping. 3 a rub (a surface) harshly against another. B scratch or damage by scraping. 4 make (a hollow) by scraping. 5 a draw or move with a scraping sound. B make such a sound. C produce such a sound from. 6 (often foll. By along, by, through, etc.) Move almost touching surrounding obstacles etc. (scraped through the gap). 7 narrowly achieve (a living, an examination pass, etc.). 8 (often foll. By by, through) a barely manage. B pass an examination etc. With difficulty. 9 (foll. By together, up) bring, provide, or amass with difficulty. 10 be economical. 11 draw back a foot in making a clumsy bow. 12 (foll. By back) draw (the hair) tightly back. —n. 1 act or sound of scraping. 2 scraped place; graze.

Scraper  n. Device for scraping, esp. Paint etc. From a surface.

Scrap heap  n. 1 pile of scrap. 2 state of being discarded as useless.

Scrapie  n. Viral disease of sheep, characterized by lack of coordination.

Scraping  n. (esp. In pl.) Fragment produced by scraping.

Scrap merchant  n. Dealer in scrap.

Scrappy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 consisting of scraps. 2 incomplete; carelessly arranged or put together.

Scrapyard  n. Place where (esp. Metal) scrap is collected for reuse.

Scratch  —v. 1 score, mark, or wound superficially, esp. With a sharp object. 2 (also absol.) Scrape, esp. With the nails to relieve itching. 3 make or form by scratching. 4 (foll. By together, up, etc.) = +scrape 9. 5 (foll. By out, off, through) strike (out) (writing etc.). 6 (also absol.) Withdraw (a competitor, oneself, etc.) From a race or competition. 7 (often foll. By about, around, etc.) A scratch the ground etc. In search. B search haphazardly (scratching about for evidence). —n. 1 mark or wound made by scratching. 2 sound of scratching. 3 spell of scratching oneself. 4 colloq. Superficial wound. 5 line from which competitors in a race (esp. Those not receiving a handicap) start. —attrib.adj. 1 collected by chance. 2 collected or made from whatever is available; heterogeneous. 3 with no handicap given (scratch race). ~ from scratch 1 from the beginning. 2 without help. Scratch one's head be perplexed. Scratch the surface deal with a matter only superficially. Up to scratch up to the required standard. [origin uncertain]

Scratchy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 tending to make scratches or a scratching noise. 2 causing itching. 3 (of a drawing etc.) Untidy, careless. ~ scratchily adv. Scratchiness n.

Scrawl  —v. 1 write or make (marks) in a hurried untidy way. 2 (foll. By out) cross out by scrawling over. —n. 1 hurried untidy manner of writing. 2 example of this. ~ scrawly adj. [origin uncertain]

Scrawny  adj. (-ier, -iest) lean, scraggy. [dial.]

Scream  —n. 1 loud high-pitched cry of fear, pain, etc. 2 similar sound or cry. 3 colloq. Hilarious occurrence or person. —v. 1 emit a scream. 2 speak or sing (words etc.) In a screaming tone. 3 make or move with a screaming sound. 4 laugh uncontrollably. 5 be blatantly obvious. [old english]

Scree  n. (in sing. Or pl.) 1 small loose stones. 2 mountain slope covered with these. [old norse, = landslip]

Screech  —n. Harsh piercing scream. —v. Utter with or make a screech. ~ screechy adj. (-ier, -iest). [old english (imitative)]

Screech-owl  n. Owl that screeches, esp. A barn-owl.

Screed  n. 1 long usu. Tiresome piece of writing or speech. 2 layer of cement etc. Applied to level a surface. [probably from +shred]

Screen  —n. 1 fixed or movable upright partition for separating, concealing, or protecting from heat etc. 2 thing used to conceal or shelter. 3 a concealing stratagem. B protection thus given. 4 a blank surface on which a photographic image is projected. B (prec.

Screenplay  n. Film script.

Screen printing  n. Printing process with ink forced through a prepared sheet of fine material.

Screen test  n. Audition for a part in a film.

Screenwriter  n. Person who writes for the cinema.

Screw  —n. 1 thin cylinder or cone with a spiral ridge or thread running round the outside (male screw) or the inside (female screw). 2 (in full wood-screw) metal male screw with a slotted head and a sharp point. 3 (in full screw-bolt) blunt metal male screw on which a nut is threaded to bolt things together. 4 straight screw used to exert pressure. 5 (in sing. Or pl.) Instrument of torture acting in this way. 6 (in full screw-propeller) propeller with twisted blades acting like a screw on the water or air. 7 one turn of a screw. 8 (foll. By of) small twisted-up paper (of tobacco etc.). 9 (in billiards etc.) An oblique curling motion of the ball. 10 slang prison warder. 11 coarse slang a act of sexual intercourse. B partner in this. —v. 1 fasten or tighten with a screw or screws. 2 turn (a screw). 3 twist or turn round like a screw. 4 (of a ball etc.) Swerve. 5 (foll. By out of) extort (consent, money, etc.) From. 6 (also absol.) Coarse slang have sexual intercourse with. 7 swindle. ~ have a screw loose colloq. Be slightly crazy. Put the screws on colloq. Pressurize, intimidate. Screw up 1 contract or contort (one's face etc.). 2 contract and crush (a piece of paper etc.) Into a tight mass. 3 summon up (one's courage etc.). 4 slang a bungle. B spoil (an event, opportunity, etc.). C upset, disturb mentally. [french escroue]

Screwball  n. Us slang crazy or eccentric person.

Screwdriver  n. Tool with a tip that fits into the head of a screw to turn it.

Screw top  n. (also (with hyphen) attrib.) Screwed-on cap or lid.

Screw-up  n. Slang bungle, mess.

Screwy  adj. (-ier, -iest) slang 1 crazy or eccentric. 2 absurd. ~ screwiness n.

Scribble  —v. (-ling) 1 write or draw carelessly or hurriedly. 2 joc. Be an author or writer. —n. 1 scrawl. 2 hasty note etc. [latin scribillo diminutive: related to +scribe]

Scribe  —n. 1 ancient or medieval copyist of manuscripts. 2 ancient jewish record-keeper or professional theologian and jurist. 3 pointed instrument for making marks on wood etc. 4 colloq. Writer, esp. A journalist. —v. (-bing) mark with a scribe. ~ scribal adj. [latin scriba from scribo write]

Scrim  n. Open-weave fabric for lining or upholstery etc. [origin unknown]

Scrimmage  —n. Tussle; brawl. —v. (-ging) engage in this. [from +skirmish]

Scrimp  v. Skimp. [origin unknown]

Scrip  n. 1 provisional certificate of money subscribed, entitling the holder to dividends. 2 (collect.) Such certificates. 3 extra share or shares instead of a dividend. [abbreviation of subscription receipt]

Script  —n. 1 text of a play, film, or broadcast. 2 handwriting; written characters. 3 type imitating handwriting. 4 alphabet or system of writing. 5 examinee's written answers. —v. Write a script for (a film etc.). [latin scriptum from scribo write]

Scripture  n. 1 sacred writings. 2 (scripture or the scriptures) the bible. ~ scriptural adj. [latin: related to +script]

Scriptwriter  n. Person who writes scripts for films, tv, etc. ~ scriptwriting n.

Scrivener  n. Hist. 1 copyist or drafter of documents. 2 notary. [french escrivein]

Scrofula  n. Disease with glandular swellings, probably a form of tuberculosis. ~ scrofulous adj. [latin scrofa a sow]

Scroll  —n. 1 roll of parchment or paper, esp. Written on. 2 book in the ancient roll form. 3 ornamental design imitating a roll of parchment. —v. (often foll. By down, up) move (a display on a vdu screen) to view earlier or later material. [originally (sc)rowle +roll]

Scrolled  adj. Having a scroll ornament.

Scrooge  n. Miser. [name of a character in dickens]

Scrotum  n. (pl. Scrota or -s) pouch of skin containing the testicles. ~ scrotal adj. [latin]

Scrounge  v. (-ging) (also absol.) Obtain by cadging. ~ on the scrounge scrounging. ~ scrounger n. [dial. Scrunge steal]

Scrub1  —v. (-bb-) 1 clean by rubbing, esp. With a hard brush and water. 2 (often foll. By up) (of a surgeon etc.) Clean and disinfect the hands and arms before operating. 3 colloq. Scrap or cancel. 4 use water to remove impurities from (gases etc.). —n. Scrubbing or being scrubbed. [low german or dutch]

Scrub2  n. 1 a brushwood or stunted forest growth. B land covered with this. 2 (attrib.) Small or dwarf variety (scrub pine). ~ scrubby adj. [from +shrub]

Scrubber  n. 1 slang promiscuous woman. 2 apparatus for purifying gases etc.

Scruff1  n. Back of the neck (esp. Scruff of the neck). [perhaps from old norse skoft hair]

Scruff2  n. Colloq. Scruffy person. [origin uncertain]

Scruffy  adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. Shabby, slovenly, untidy. ~ scruffily adv. Scruffiness n. [scruff = +scurf]

Scrum  n. 1 scrummage. 2 colloq. = +scrimmage. [abbreviation]

Scrum-half  n. Half-back who puts the ball into the scrum.

Scrummage  n. Rugby massed forwards on each side pushing to gain possession of the ball thrown on the ground between them. [related to +scrimmage]

Scrump  v. Colloq. Steal from an orchard or garden. [related to +scrumpy]

Scrumptious  adj. Colloq. 1 delicious. 2 delightful. [origin unknown]

Scrumpy  n. Colloq. Rough cider. [dial. Scrump small apple]

Scrunch  —v. 1 (usu. Foll. By up) crumple. 2 crunch. —n. Crunching sound. [var. Of +crunch]

Scruple  —n. 1 (often in pl.) Moral concern. 2 doubt caused by this. —v. (-ling) (foll. By to + infin.; usu. With neg.) Hesitate because of scruples. [latin]

Scrupulous  adj. 1 conscientious, thorough. 2 careful to avoid doing wrong. 3 punctilious; over-attentive to details. ~ scrupulously adv. [latin: related to +scruple]

Scrutineer  n. Person who scrutinizes ballot-papers.

Scrutinize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) subject to scrutiny.

Scrutiny  n. (pl. -ies) 1 critical gaze. 2 close investigation. 3 official examination of ballot-papers. [latin scrutinium from scrutor examine]

Scuba  n. (pl. -s) aqualung. [acronym of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus]

Scuba-diving  n. Swimming underwater using a scuba. ~ scuba-dive v. Scuba-diver n.

Scud  —v. (-dd-) 1 move straight and fast; skim along (scudding clouds). 2 naut. Run before the wind. —n. 1 spell of scudding. 2 scudding motion. 3 vapoury driving clouds or shower. [perhaps an alteration of +scut]

Scuff  —v. 1 graze or brush against. 2 mark or wear out (shoes) in this way. 3 shuffle or drag the feet. —n. Mark of scuffing. [imitative]

Scuffle  —n. Confused struggle or fight at close quarters. —v. (-ling) engage in a scuffle. [probably scandinavian: related to +shove]

Scull  —n. 1 either of a pair of small oars. 2 oar over the stern of a boat to propel it, usu. By a twisting motion. 3 (in pl.) Sculling race. —v. (often absol.) Propel (a boat) with sculls. [origin unknown]

Sculler  n. 1 user of sculls. 2 boat for sculling.

Scullery  n. (pl. -ies) back kitchen; room for washing dishes etc. [anglo-french squillerie]

Scullion  n. Archaic 1 cook's boy. 2 person who washes dishes etc. [origin unknown]

Sculpt  v. Sculpture. [shortening of +sculptor]

Sculptor  n. (fem. Sculptress) artist who sculptures. [latin: related to +sculpture]

Sculpture  —n. 1 art of making three-dimensional or relief forms, by chiselling, carving, modelling, casting, etc. 2 work of sculpture. —v. (-ring) 1 represent in or adorn with sculpture. 2 practise sculpture. ~ sculptural adj. [latin sculpo sculpt- carve]

Scum  —n. 1 layer of dirt, froth, etc. At the top of liquid. 2 derog. Worst part, person, or group (scum of the earth). —v. (-mm-) 1 remove scum from. 2 form a scum (on). ~ scummy adj. (-ier, -iest). [low german or dutch]

Scumbag  n. Slang contemptible person.

Scupper1  n. Hole in a ship's side to drain water from the deck. [french escopir to spit]

Scupper2  v. Slang 1 sink (a ship or its crew). 2 defeat or ruin (a plan etc.). 3 kill. [origin unknown]

Scurf  n. Dandruff. ~ scurfy adj. [old english]

Scurrilous  adj. Grossly or indecently abusive. ~ scurrility n. (pl. -ies). Scurrilously adv. Scurrilousness n. [latin scurra buffoon]

Scurry  —v. (-ies, -ied) run or move hurriedly, esp. With short quick steps; scamper. —n. (pl. -ies) 1 act or sound of scurrying. 2 flurry of rain or snow. [abbreviation of hurry-scurry reduplication of +hurry]

Scurvy  —n. Disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin c. —adj. (-ier, -iest) paltry, contemptible. ~ scurvily adv. [from +scurf]

Scut  n. Short tail, esp. Of a hare, rabbit, or deer. [origin unknown]

Scutter  v. & n. Colloq. Scurry. [perhaps an alteration of +scuttle2]

Scuttle1  n. 1 = +coal-scuttle. 2  part of a car body between the windscreen and the bonnet. [old norse from latin scutella dish]

Scuttle2  —v. (-ling) scurry; flee from danger etc. —n. Hurried gait; precipitate flight. [perhaps related to dial. Scuddle frequentative of +scud]

Scuttle3  —n. Hole with a lid in a ship's deck or side. —v. Let water into (a ship) to sink it. [spanish escotilla hatchway]

Scylla and charybdis  n.pl. Two dangers or extremes such that one can be avoided only by approaching the other. [names of a monster and a whirlpool in greek mythology]

Scythe  —n. Mowing and reaping implement with a long handle and curved blade swung over the ground. —v. (-thing) cut with a scythe. [old english]

Sdi  abbr. Strategic defence initiative.

Sdlp  abbr. (in n. Ireland) social democratic and labour party.

Sdp  abbr. Hist. Social democratic party.

Se  abbr. 1 south-east. 2 south-eastern.

Se  symb. Selenium.

Sea  n. 1 expanse of salt water that covers most of the earth's surface. 2 any part of this. 3 named tract of this partly or wholly enclosed by land (north sea). 4 large inland lake (sea of galilee). 5 waves of the sea; their motion or state (choppy sea). 6 (foll. By of) vast quantity or expanse. 7 (attrib.) Living or used in, on, or near the sea (often prefixed to the name of a marine animal, plant, etc., having a superficial resemblance to what it is named after) (sea lettuce). ~ at sea 1 in a ship on the sea. 2 perplexed, confused. By sea in a ship or ships. Go to sea become a sailor. On the sea 1 = at sea 1. 2 on the coast. [old english]

Sea anchor  n. Bag to retard the drifting of a ship.

Sea anemone  n. Marine animal with tube-shaped body and petal-like tentacles.

Seabed  n. Ocean floor.

Sea bird  n. Bird living near the sea.

Seaboard  n. 1 seashore or coastline. 2 coastal region.

Seaborne  adj. Transported by sea.

Sea change  n. Notable or unexpected transformation.

Sea cow  n. 1 sirenian. 2 walrus.

Sea dog  n. Old sailor.

Seafarer  n. 1 sailor. 2 traveller by sea. ~ seafaring adj. & n.

Seafood  n. (often attrib.) Edible sea fish or shellfish (seafood restaurant).

Sea front  n. Part of a town directly facing the sea.

Seagoing  adj. (of ships) fit for crossing the sea.

Sea green  adj. & n. (as adj. Often hyphenated) bluish-green.

Seagull  n. = +gull1.

Sea horse  n. 1 small upright fish with a head like a horse's. 2 mythical creature with a horse's head and fish's tail.

Seakale  n. Plant with young shoots used as a vegetable.

Seal1  —n. 1 piece of stamped wax, lead, paper, etc., attached to a document or to a receptacle, envelope, etc., to guarantee authenticity or security. 2 engraved piece of metal etc. For stamping a design on a seal. 3 substance or device used to close a gap etc. 4 anything regarded as a confirmation or guarantee (seal of approval). 5 decorative adhesive stamp. —v. 1 close securely or hermetically. 2 stamp, fasten, or fix with a seal. 3 certify as correct with a seal or stamp. 4 (often foll. By up) confine securely. 5 settle or decide (their fate is sealed). 6 (foll. By off) prevent entry to or exit from (an area). ~ set one's seal to (or on) authorize or confirm. [latin sigillum]

Seal2  —n. Fish-eating amphibious marine mammal with flippers. —v. Hunt for seals. [old english]

Sealant  n. Material for sealing, esp. To make airtight or watertight.

Sea legs  n.pl. Ability to keep one's balance and avoid seasickness at sea.

Sea level  n. Mean level of the sea's surface, used in reckoning the height of hills etc. And as a barometric standard.

Sealing-wax  n. Mixture softened by heating and used to make seals.

Sea lion  n. Large, eared seal.

Sea lord  n. Naval member of the admiralty board.

Sealskin  n. 1 skin or prepared fur of a seal. 2 (often attrib.) Garment made from this.

Seals of office  n.pl. Seals held, esp. By the lord chancellor or a secretary of state.

Seam  —n. 1 line where two edges join, esp. Of cloth or boards. 2 fissure between parallel edges. 3 wrinkle. 4 stratum of coal etc. —v. 1 join with a seam. 2 (esp. As seamed adj.) Mark or score with a seam. ~ seamless adj. [old english]

Seaman  n.  1 person whose work is at sea. 2 sailor, esp. One below the rank of officer.

Seamanship  n. Skill in managing a ship or boat.

Seam bowler  n. Cricket bowler who makes the ball deviate by bouncing it off its seam.

Sea mile  n. Unit varying between approx. 2,014 yards (1,842 metres) and 2,035 yards (1,861 metres).

Seamstress  n. (also sempstress) woman who sews, esp. For a living. [old english: related to +seam]

Seamy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 disreputable or sordid (esp. The seamy side). 2 marked with or showing seams. ~ seaminess n.

Seance  n. Meeting at which a spiritualist attempts to make contact with the dead. [french]

Sea pink  n. Maritime plant with bright pink flowers.

Seaplane  n. Aircraft designed to take off from and land on water.

Seaport  n. Town with a harbour.

Sear  v. 1 scorch, cauterize. 2 cause anguish to. 3 brown (meat) quickly at a high temperature to retain its juices in cooking. [old english]

Search  —v. 1 (also absol.) Look through or go over thoroughly to find something. 2 examine or feel over (a person) to find anything concealed. 3 probe (search one's conscience). 4 (foll. By for) look thoroughly in order to find. 5 (as searching adj.) (of an examination) thorough; keenly questioning (searching gaze). 6 (foll. By out) look for; seek out. —n. 1 act of searching. 2 investigation. ~ in search of trying to find. Search me! Colloq. I do not know. ~ searcher n. Searchingly adv. [anglo-french cerchier]

Searchlight  n. 1 powerful outdoor electric light with a concentrated beam that can be turned in any direction. 2 light or beam from this.

Search-party  n. Group of people conducting an organized search.

Search warrant  n. Official authorization to enter and search a building.

Sea room  n. Space at sea for a ship to turn etc.

Sea salt  n. Salt produced by evaporating sea water.

Seascape  n. Picture or view of the sea.

Sea scout  n. Member of the maritime branch of the scout association.

Seashell  n. Shell of a salt-water mollusc.

Seashore  n. Land next to the sea.

Seasick  adj. Nauseous from the motion of a ship at sea. ~ seasickness n.

Seaside  n. Sea-coast, esp. As a holiday resort.

Season  —n. 1 each of the climatic divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn, winter). 2 proper or suitable time. 3 time when something is plentiful, active, etc. 4 (usu. Prec. By the) = +high season. 5 time of year for an activity or for social life generally (football season; london in the season). 6 indefinite period. 7 colloq. = +season ticket. —v. 1 flavour (food) with salt, herbs, etc. 2 enhance with wit etc. 3 moderate. 4 (esp. As seasoned adj.) Make or become suitable by exposure to the weather or experience (seasoned wood; seasoned campaigner). ~ in season 1 (of food) plentiful and good. 2 (of an animal) on heat. [latin satio sowing]

Seasonable  adj. 1 suitable or usual to the season. 2 opportune. 3 apt.

Usage  seasonable is sometimes confused with seasonal.

Seasonal  adj. Of, depending on, or varying with the season. ~ seasonally adv.

Seasoning  n. Salt, herbs, etc. Added to food to enhance its flavour.

Season ticket  n. Ticket entitling the holder to unlimited travel, access, etc., in a given period.

Seat  —n. 1 thing made or used for sitting on. 2 a buttocks. B part of a garment covering them. 3 part of a chair etc. On which the buttocks rest. 4 place for one person in a theatre etc. 5 position as an mp, committee member, etc., or the right to occupy it. 6 supporting or guiding part of a machine. 7 location (seat of learning). 8 country mansion. 9 manner of sitting on a horse etc. —v. 1 cause to sit. 2 provide sitting accommodation for (bus seats 50). 3 (as seated adj.) Sitting. 4 put or fit in position. ~ be seated sit down. By the seat of one's pants colloq. By instinct rather than knowledge. Take a seat sit down. [old norse: related to +sit]

Seat-belt  n. Belt securing motor vehicle or aircraft passengers.

Seating  n. 1 seats collectively. 2 sitting accommodation.

Sea urchin  n. Small marine animal with a spiny shell.

Sea wall  n. Wall built to stop flooding or erosion by the sea.

Seaward  —adv. (also seawards) towards the sea. —adj. Going or facing towards the sea.

Seaway  n. 1 inland waterway open to seagoing ships. 2 ship's progress. 3 ship's path across the sea.

Seaweed  n. Plant growing in the sea or on rocks on a shore.

Seaworthy  adj. Fit to put to sea. ~ seaworthiness n.

Sebaceous  adj. Fatty; secreting oily matter. [latin sebum tallow]

Sec.  Abbr. (also sec.) Secretary.

Sec1  abbr. Secant.

Sec2  n. Colloq. (in phrases) second, moment (wait a sec). [abbreviation]

Sec.  Abbr. Second(s).

Sec  adj. (of wine) dry. [french]

Secant  n. Math. 1 ratio of the hypotenuse to the shorter side adjacent to an acute angle (in a right-angled triangle). 2 line cutting a curve at one or more points. [french]

Secateurs  n.pl. Pruning clippers used with one hand. [french]

Secede  v. (-ding) withdraw formally from a political federation or religious body. [latin secedo -cess-]

Secession  n. Act of seceding. ~ secessionist n. & adj. [latin: related to +secede]

Seclude  v. (-ding) (also refl.) 1 keep (a person or place) apart from others. 2 (esp. As secluded adj.) Screen from view. [latin secludo -clus-]

Seclusion  n. Secluded state or place.

Second1  —adj. 1 next after first. 2 additional (ate a second cake). 3 subordinate; inferior. 4 mus. Performing a lower or subordinate part (second violins). 5 such as to be comparable to (a second callas). —n. 1 runner-up. 2 person or thing besides the first or previously mentioned one. 3 second gear. 4 (in pl.) Inferior goods. 5 (in pl.) Colloq. Second helping or course. 6 assistant to a duellist, boxer, etc. —v. 1 support; back up. 2 formally support (a nomination, resolution, or its proposer). ~ at second hand indirectly. ~ seconder n. (esp. In sense 2 of v.). [latin secundus from sequor follow]

Second2  n. 1 sixtieth of a minute of time or of an angle. 2 colloq. Very short time (wait a second). [medieval latin secunda (minuta) secondary (minute)]

Second3  v. Transfer (a person) temporarily to another department etc. ~ secondment n. [french en second in the second rank]

Secondary  —adj. 1 coming after or next below what is primary. 2 derived from or supplementing what is primary. 3 (of education, a school, etc.) Following primary, esp. From the age of 11. —n. (pl. -ies) secondary thing. ~ secondarily adv. [latin: related to +second1]

Secondary colour  n. Result of mixing two primary colours.

Secondary picketing  n. Picketing of premises of a firm not directly involved in an industrial dispute.

Second-best  adj. & n. Next after best.

Second chamber  n. Upper house of a parliament.

Second class  —n. Second-best group, category, postal service, or accommodation. —adj. & adv. (second-class) of or by the second class (second-class citizens; travelled second-class).

Second cousin  n. Son or daughter of one's parent's cousin.

Second-degree  adj. Denoting burns that cause blistering but not permanent scars.

Second fiddle  see +fiddle.

Second-guess  v. Colloq. 1 anticipate by guesswork. 2 criticize with hindsight.

Second-hand  —adj. 1 a having had a previous owner; not new. B (attrib.) (of a shop etc.) Where such goods can be bought. 2 (of information etc.) Indirect, not from one's own observation etc. —adv. 1 on a second-hand basis. 2 indirectly.

Second lieutenant  n. Army officer next below lieutenant.

Secondly  adv. 1 furthermore. 2 as a second item.

Second nature  n. Acquired tendency that has become instinctive.

Second officer  n. Assistant mate on a merchant ship.

Second person  see +person.

Second-rate  adj. Mediocre; inferior.

Second sight  n. Clairvoyance.

Second string  n. Alternative course of action etc.

Second thoughts  n.pl. Revised opinion or resolution.

Second wind  n. 1 recovery of normal breathing during exercise after initial breathlessness. 2 renewed energy to continue.

Secrecy  n. State of being secret; habit or faculty of keeping secrets (done in secrecy).

Secret  —adj. 1 kept or meant to be kept private, unknown, or hidden. 2 acting or operating secretly. 3 fond of secrecy. —n. 1 thing kept or meant to be kept secret. 2 mystery. 3 effective but not generally known method (what's their secret?; the secret of success). ~ in secret secretly. ~ secretly adv. [latin secerno secret- separate]

Secret agent  n. Spy.

Secretaire  n. Escritoire. [french: related to +secretary]

Secretariat  n. 1 administrative office or department. 2 its members or premises. [medieval latin: related to +secretary]

Secretary  n. (pl. -ies) 1 employee who assists with correspondence, records, making appointments, etc. 2 official of a society or company who writes letters, organizes business, etc. 3 principal assistant of a government minister, ambassador, etc. ~ secretarial adj. Secretaryship n. [latin secretarius: related to +secret]

Secretary bird  n. Long-legged crested african bird.

Secretary-general  n. Principal administrator of an organization.

Secretary of state  n. 1 head of a major government department. 2 us = +foreign minister.

Secret ballot  n. Ballot in which votes are cast in secret.

Secrete  v. (-ting) 1 (of a cell, organ, etc.) Produce and discharge (a substance). 2 conceal. ~ secretory adj. [from +secret]

Secretion  n. 1  a process of secreting. B secreted substance. 2 act of concealing. [latin: related to +secret]

Secretive  adj. Inclined to make or keep secrets; uncommunicative. ~ secretively adv. Secretiveness n.

Secret police  n. Police force operating secretly for political ends.

Secret service  n. Government department concerned with espionage.

Secret society  n. Society whose members are sworn to secrecy about it.

Sect  n. 1 group sharing (usu. Unorthodox) religious, political, or philosophical doctrines. 2 (esp. Exclusive) religious denomination. [latin sequor follow]

Sectarian  —adj. 1 of a sect. 2 devoted, esp. Narrow-mindedly, to one's sect. —n. Member of a sect. ~ sectarianism n. [medieval latin sectarius adherent]

Section  —n. 1 each of the parts of a thing or out of which a thing can be fitted together. 2 part cut off. 3 subdivision. 4 us a area of land. B district of a town. 5 act of cutting or separating surgically. 6 a cutting of a solid by a plane. B resulting figure or area. —v. 1 arrange in or divide into sections. 2 compulsorily commit to a psychiatric hospital. [latin seco sect- cut]

Sectional  adj. 1 a of a social group (sectional interests). B partisan. 2 made in sections. 3 local rather than general. ~ sectionally adv.

Sector  n. 1 distinct part of an enterprise, society, the economy, etc. 2 military subdivision of an area. 3 plane figure enclosed by two radii of a circle, ellipse, etc., and the arc between them. [latin: related to +section]

Secular  adj. 1 not concerned with religion; not sacred; worldly (secular education; secular music). 2 (of clerics) not monastic. ~ secularism n. Secularize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing). Secularization n. [latin saeculum an age]

Secure  —adj. 1 untroubled by danger or fear. 2 safe. 3 reliable; stable; fixed. —v. (-ring) 1 make secure or safe. 2 fasten or close securely. 3 succeed in obtaining. ~ securely adv. [latin se without, cura care]

Security  n. (pl. -ies) 1 secure condition or feeling. 2 thing that guards or guarantees. 3 a safety against espionage, theft, etc. B organization for ensuring this. 4 thing deposited as a guarantee of an undertaking or loan, to be forfeited in case of default. 5 (often in pl.) Document as evidence of a loan, certificate of stock, bonds, etc.

Security risk  n. Person or thing that threatens security.

Sedan  n. 1 (in full sedan chair) hist. Enclosed chair for one, carried on poles by two men. 2 us enclosed car with four or more seats. [origin uncertain]

Sedate  —adj. Tranquil and dignified; serious. —v. (-ting) put under sedation.~ sedately adv. Sedateness n. [latin sedo settle, calm]

Sedation  n. Act of calming, esp. By sedatives. [latin: related to +sedate]

Sedative  —n. Calming drug or influence. —adj. Calming, soothing. [medieval latin: related to +sedate]

Sedentary  adj. 1 sitting. 2 (of work etc.) Done while sitting. 3 (of a person) disinclined to exercise. [latin sedeo sit]

Sedge  n. Waterside or marsh plant resembling coarse grass. ~ sedgy adj. [old english]

Sediment  n. 1 grounds; dregs. 2  matter deposited on the land by water or wind. ~ sedimentary adj. Sedimentation n. [latin sedeo sit]

Sedition  n. Conduct or speech inciting to rebellion. ~ seditious adj. [latin seditio]

Seduce  v. (-cing) 1 entice into sexual activity or wrongdoing. 2 coax or lead astray. ~ seducer n. [latin se- away, duco duct- lead]

Seduction  n. 1 seducing or being seduced. 2 thing that tempts or attracts.

Seductive  adj. Alluring, enticing. ~ seductively adv. Seductiveness n.

Seductress  n. Female seducer. [obsolete seductor male seducer: related to +seduce]

Sedulous  adj. Persevering, diligent, painstaking. ~ sedulity n. Sedulously adv. [latin sedulus zealous]

Sedum  n. Fleshy-leaved plant with yellow, pink, or white flowers, e.g. The stonecrop. [latin, = houseleek]

See1  v. (past saw; past part. Seen) 1 perceive with the eyes. 2  have or use this power. 3 discern mentally; understand. 4 watch (a film, game, etc.). 5 ascertain, learn (will see if he's here). 6 imagine, foresee (see trouble ahead). 7 look at for information (see page 15). 8 meet and recognize (i saw your mother in town). 9 a meet socially or on business; visit or be visited by (is too ill to see anyone; must see a doctor). B meet regularly as a boyfriend or girlfriend. 10 reflect, wait for clarification (we shall have to see). 11 experience (i never thought to see it). 12 find attractive (can't think what she sees in him). 13 escort, conduct (saw them home). 14 witness (an event etc.) (see the new year in). 15 ensure (see that it is done). 16  a (in poker etc.) Equal (a bet). B equal the bet of (a player). ~ see about 1 attend to. 2 consider. See the back of colloq. Be rid of. See fit see +fit1. See the light 1 realize one's mistakes etc. 2 undergo religious conversion. See off 1 be present at the departure of (a person). 2 colloq. Ward off, get the better of. See out 1 accompany out of a building etc. 2 finish (a project etc.) Completely. 3 survive (a period etc.). See over inspect; tour. See red colloq. Become enraged. See stars colloq. See lights as a result of a blow on the head. See things colloq. Have hallucinations. See through detect the truth or true nature of. See a person through support a person during a difficult time. See a thing through finish it completely. See to it (foll. By that) ensure. [old english]

See2  n. 1 area under the authority of a bishop or archbishop. 2 his office or jurisdiction. [latin sedes seat]

Seed  —n. 1 a part of a plant capable of developing into another such plant. B seeds collectively, esp. For sowing. 2 semen. 3 prime cause, beginning. 4 offspring, descendants. 5  (in tennis etc.) Seeded player. —v. 1 a place seeds in. B sprinkle (as) with seed. 2  sow seeds. 3 produce or drop seed. 4 remove seeds from (fruit etc.). 5  place a crystal etc. In (a cloud) to produce rain. 6 sport a so position (a strong competitor in a knockout competition) that he or she will not meet other strong competitors in early rounds. B arrange (the order of play) in this way. ~ go (or run) to seed 1 cease flowering as seed develops. 2 become degenerate, unkempt, etc. ~ seedless adj. [old english]

Seed-bed  n. 1 bed prepared for sowing. 2 place of development.

Seedling  n. Young plant raised from seed rather than from a cutting etc.

Seed-pearl  n. Very small pearl.

Seed-potato  n. Potato kept for seed.

Seedsman  n. Dealer in seeds.

Seedy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 shabby, unkempt. 2 colloq. Unwell. 3 full of or going to seed.~ seediness n.

Seeing  conj. (usu. Foll. By that) considering that, inasmuch as, because.

Seek  v. (past and past part. Sought) 1 (often foll. By for, after) search or inquire. 2 a try or want to find or get or reach (sought my hand). B request (sought help). 3 endeavour (seek to please). ~ seek out 1 search for and find. 2 single out as a friend etc. ~ seeker n. [old english]

Seem  v. (often foll. By to + infin.) Appear or feel (seems ridiculous). ~ i etc. Can't seem to i etc. Appear unable to (can't seem to manage it). It seems (or would seem) (often foll. By that) it appears to be the case. [old norse]

Seeming  adj. Apparent but perhaps doubtful (his seeming interest). ~ seemingly adv.

Seemly  adj. (-ier, -iest) in good taste; decorous. ~ seemliness n. [old norse: related to +seem]

Seen  past part. Of +see1.

See of rome  n. The papacy.

Seep  v. Ooze out; percolate. [old english]

Seepage  n. 1 act of seeping. 2 quantity that seeps out.

Seer  n. 1 person who sees. 2 prophet; visionary.

Seersucker  n. Linen, cotton, etc. Fabric with a puckered surface. [persian]

See-saw  —n. 1 a long plank balanced on a central support, for children to sit on at each end and move up and down alternately. B this game. 2 up-and-down or to-and-fro motion. 3 close contest with alternating advantage. —v. 1 play on a see-saw. 2 move up and down. 3 vacillate in policy, emotion, etc. —adj. & adv. With up-and-down or backward-and-forward motion. [reduplication of +saw1]

Seethe  v. (-thing) 1 boil, bubble over. 2 be very angry, resentful, etc. [old english]

See-through  adj. (esp. Of clothing) translucent.

Segment  —n. 1 each part into which a thing is or can be divided. 2 part of a circle or sphere etc. Cut off by an intersecting line or plane. —v. Usu. Divide into segments. ~ segmental adj. Segmentation n. [latin seco cut]

Segregate  v. (-ting) 1 put apart; isolate. 2 separate (esp. An ethnic group) from the rest of the community. [latin grex greg- flock]

Segregation  n. 1 enforced separation of ethnic groups in a community etc. 2 segregating or being segregated. ~ segregationist n. & adj.

Seigneur  n. Feudal lord. ~ seigneurial adj. [french from latin senior +senior]

Seine  —n. Fishing-net with floats at the top and weights at the bottom edge. —v. (-ning) fish or catch with a seine. [old english segne]

Seise  var. Of +seize 6.

Seismic  adj. Of earthquakes. [greek seismos earthquake]

Seismogram  n. Record given by a seismograph.

Seismograph  n. Instrument that records the force, direction, etc., of earthquakes. ~ seismographic adj.

Seismology  n. The study of earthquakes. ~ seismological adj. Seismologist n.

Seize  v. (-zing) 1 (often foll. By on, upon) take hold of forcibly or suddenly. 2  take possession of forcibly or by legal power. 3 affect suddenly (panic seized us). 4 (often foll. By on, upon) take advantage of (an opportunity etc.). 5 (often foll. By on, upon) comprehend quickly or clearly. 6 (also seise) (usu. Foll. By of) law put in possession of. ~ seized (or seised) of 1 possessing legally. 2 aware or informed of. Seize up 1 (of a mechanism) become jammed. 2 (of part of the body etc.) Become stiff. [french saisir]

Seizure  n. 1 seizing or being seized. 2 sudden attack, esp. Of epilepsy or apoplexy.

Seldom  adv. Rarely, not often. [old english]

Select  —v. Choose, esp. With care. —adj. 1 chosen for excellence or suitability. 2 (of a society etc.) Exclusive. [latin seligo -lect-]

Select committee  n. Small parliamentary committee conducting a special inquiry.

Selection  n. 1 selecting or being selected. 2 selected person or thing. 3 things from which a choice may be made. 4 evolutionary process by which some species thrive better than others.

Selective  adj. 1 of or using selection (selective schools). 2 able to select. 3 (of memory etc.) Selecting what is convenient.~ selectively adv. Selectivity n.

Selector  n. 1 person who selects, esp. A team. 2 device in a vehicle, machinery, etc. That selects the required gear etc.

Selenium  n. Non-metallic element occurring naturally in various metallic sulphide ores. [greek selene moon]

Self  n. (pl. Selves) 1 individuality, personality, or essence (showed his true self; is her old self again). 2 object of introspection or reflexive action. 3 a one's own interests or pleasure. B concentration on these. 4 commerce or colloq. Myself, yourself, etc. (cheque drawn to self). [old english]

Self-  comb. Form expressing reflexive action: 1 of or by oneself or itself (self-locking). 2 on, in, for, or of oneself or itself (self-absorbed).

Self-abasement  n. Self-humiliation; cringing.

Self-absorption  n. Absorption in oneself. ~ self-absorbed adj.

Self-abuse  n. Archaic masturbation.

Self-addressed  adj. (of an envelope) bearing one's own address for a reply.

Self-adhesive  adj. (of an envelope, label, etc.) Adhesive, esp. Without wetting.

Self-advancement  n. Advancement of oneself.

Self-aggrandizement  n. Process of enriching oneself or making oneself powerful. ~ self-aggrandizing adj.

Self-analysis  n. Analysis of oneself, one's motives, character, etc.

Self-appointed  adj. Designated so by oneself, not by others (self-appointed critic).

Self-assembly  adj. Assembled by the buyer from a kit.

Self-assertive  adj. Confident or aggressive in promoting oneself, one's rights, etc. ~ self-assertion n.

Self-assured  n. Self-confident. ~ self-assurance n.

Self-aware  adj. Conscious of one's character, feelings, motives, etc. ~ self-awareness n.

Self-catering  adj. (of a holiday, accommodation etc.) With cooking facilities provided, but no food.

Self-censorship  n. Censoring of oneself.

Self-centered  adj. (brit. -centred) preoccupied with oneself; selfish. ~ self-centredly adv. Self-centredness n.

Self-centred  adj. (us -centered) preoccupied with oneself; selfish. ~ self-centredly adv. Self-centredness n.

Self-cleaning  adj. (esp. Of an oven) cleaning itself when heated.

Self-conceit  n. High or exaggerated opinion of oneself.

Self-confessed  adj. Openly admitting oneself to be.

Self-confident  adj. Having confidence in oneself. ~ self-confidence n. Self-confidently adv.

Self-congratulatory  adj. = +self-satisfied. ~ self-congratulation n.

Self-conscious  adj. Nervous, shy, or embarrassed. ~ self-consciously adv. Self-consciousness n.

Self-consistent  adj. (of parts of the same whole etc.) Consistent; not conflicting. ~ self-consistency n.

Self-contained  adj. 1 (of a person) uncommunicative; independent. 2  (of accommodation) complete in itself, having no shared entrance or facilities.

Self-control  n. Power of controlling one's behaviour, emotions, etc. ~ self-controlled adj.

Self-critical  adj. Critical of oneself, one's abilities, etc. ~ self-criticism n.

Self-deception  n. Deceiving of oneself, esp. About one's motives or feelings. ~ self-deceit n.

Self-defeating  adj. (of an action etc.) Doomed to failure because of internal inconsistencies; achieving the opposite of what is intended.

Self-defence  n. (us -defense) physical or verbal defence of one's body, property, rights, reputation, etc.

Self-defense  n. (brit. -defence) physical or verbal defence of one's body, property, rights, reputation, etc.

Self-delusion  n. Act of deluding oneself.

Self-denial  n. Asceticism, esp. To discipline oneself. ~ self-denying adj.

Self-deprecation  n. Belittling of oneself. ~ self-deprecating adj.

Self-destruct  —v. (of a spacecraft, bomb, etc.) Explode or disintegrate automatically, esp. When pre-set to do so. —attrib. Adj. Enabling a thing to self-destruct (self-destruct device).

Self-destruction  n. 1 destroying of itself or oneself or one's chances, happiness, etc. 2 act of self-destructing. ~ self-destructive adj.

Self-determination  n. 1 nation's right to determine its own government etc. 2 ability to act with free will.

Self-discipline  n. 1 ability to apply oneself. 2 self-control. ~ self-disciplined adj.

Self-discovery  n. Process of acquiring insight into one's character, desires, etc.

Self-doubt  n. Lack of confidence in oneself.

Self-drive  adj. (of a hired vehicle) driven by the hirer.

Self-educated  adj. Educated by one's own reading etc., without formal instruction.

Self-effacing  adj. Retiring; modest. ~ self-effacement n.

Self-employed  adj. Working as a freelance or for one's own business etc. ~ self-employment n.

Self-esteem  n. Good opinion of oneself.

Self-evident  adj. Obvious; without the need of proof or further explanation. ~ self-evidence n. Self-evidently adv.

Self-examination  n. 1 the study of one's own conduct etc. 2 examining of one's own body for signs of illness.

Self-explanatory  adj. Not needing explanation.

Self-expression  n. Artistic or free expression.

Self-financing  adj. (of an institution or undertaking) that pays for itself without subsidy.

Self-fulfilling  adj. (of a prophecy etc.) Bound to come true as a result of its being made.

Self-fulfilment  n. Fulfilment of one's ambitions etc.

Self-governing  adj. Governing itself or oneself. ~ self-government n.

Self-help  n. (often attrib.) Use of one's own abilities, resources, etc. To solve one's problems etc. (formed a self-help group).

Self-image  n. One's conception of oneself.

Self-important  adj. Conceited; pompous. ~ self-importance n.

Self-imposed  adj. (of a task etc.) Imposed on and by oneself.

Self-improvement  n. Improvement of oneself or one's life etc. By one's own efforts.

Self-induced  adj. Induced by oneself or itself.

Self-indulgent  adj. 1 indulging in one's own pleasure, feelings, etc. 2 (of a work of art etc.) Lacking economy and control. ~ self-indulgence n.

Self-inflicted  adj. Inflicted by and on oneself.

Self-interest  n. One's personal interest or advantage. ~ self-interested adj.

Selfish  adj. Concerned chiefly with one's own interests or pleasure; actuated by or appealing to self-interest. ~ selfishly adv. Selfishness n.

Self-justification  n. Justification or excusing of oneself.

Self-knowledge  n. Understanding of oneself.

Selfless  adj. Unselfish. ~ selflessly adv. Selflessness n.

Self-made  adj. Successful or rich by one's own effort.

Self-opinionated  adj. Stubbornly adhering to one's opinions.

Self-perpetuating  adj. Perpetuating itself or oneself without external agency.

Self-pity  n. Feeling sorry for oneself. ~ self-pitying adj.

Self-pollination  n. Pollination of a flower by pollen from the same plant. ~ self-pollinating adj.

Self-portrait  n. Portrait or description of oneself by oneself.

Self-possessed  adj. Calm and composed. ~ self-possession n.

Self-preservation  n. 1 keeping oneself safe. 2 instinct for this.

Self-proclaimed  adj. Proclaimed by oneself or itself to be such.

Self-propelled  adj. (of a vehicle etc.) Propelled by its own power. ~ self-propelling adj.

Self-raising  adj. (of flour) containing a raising agent.

Self-realization  n. Development of one's abilities etc.

Self-regard  n. Proper regard for oneself.

Self-regulating  adj. Regulating oneself or itself without intervention. ~ self-regulation n. Self-regulatory adj.

Self-reliance  n. Reliance on one's own resources etc.; independence. ~ self-reliant adj.

Self-reproach  n. Reproach directed at oneself.

Self-respect  n. Respect for oneself. ~ self-respecting adj.

Self-restraint  n. Self-control.

Self-righteous  adj. Smugly sure of one's rightness. ~ self-righteously adv. Self-righteousness n.

Self-rule  n. Self-government.

Self-sacrifice  n. Selflessness; self-denial. ~ self-sacrificing adj.

Selfsame  adj. (prec. By the) very same, identical.

Self-satisfied  adj. Complacent; self-righteous. ~ self-satisfaction n.

Self-sealing  adj. 1 (of a tyre etc.) Automatically able to seal small punctures. 2 (of an envelope) self-adhesive.

Self-seed  v. (of a plant) propagate itself by seed. ~ self-seeder n.

Self-seeking  adj. & n. Selfish.

Self-service  —adj. (often attrib.) (of a shop, restaurant, etc.) With customers serving themselves and paying at a checkout etc. —n. Colloq. Self-service restaurant etc.

Self-starter  n. 1 electrical appliance for starting an engine. 2 ambitious person with initiative.

Self-styled  adj. Called so by oneself.

Self-sufficient  adj. Able to supply one's own needs; independent. ~ self-sufficiency n.

Self-supporting  adj. Financially self-sufficient.

Self-taught  adj. Self-educated.

Self-willed  adj. Obstinately pursuing one's own wishes.

Self-worth  n. = +self-esteem.

Sell  —v. (past and past part. Sold) 1 exchange or be exchanged for money (these sell well). 2 stock for sale (do you sell eggs?). 3 (foll. By at, for) have a specified price (sells at £5). 4 (also refl.) Betray or prostitute for money etc. 5 (also refl.) Advertise or publicize (a product, oneself, etc.). 6 cause to be sold (name alone will sell it). 7 colloq. Make (a person) enthusiastic about (an idea etc.). —n. Colloq. 1 manner of selling (soft sell). 2 deception; disappointment. ~ sell down the river see +river. Sell off sell at reduced prices. Sell out 1 (also absol.) Sell (all one's stock, shares, etc.). 2 betray; be treacherous or disloyal. Sell short disparage, underestimate. Sell up sell one's business, house, etc. [old english]

Sell-by date  n. Latest recommended date of sale.

Seller  n. 1 person who sells. 2 thing that sells well or badly.

Seller's market  n. (also sellers' market) trading conditions favourable to the seller.

Selling-point  n. Advantageous feature.

Sellotape  —n. Propr. Adhesive usu. Transparent tape. —v. (sellotape) (-ping) fix with sellotape. [from +cellulose]

Sell-out  n. 1 commercial success, esp. The selling of all tickets for a show. 2 betrayal.

Selvage  n. (also selvedge) fabric edging woven to prevent cloth from fraying. [from +self, +edge]

Selves  pl. Of +self.

Semantic  adj. Of meaning in language. ~ semantically adv. [greek semaino to mean]

Semantics  n.pl. (usu. Treated as sing.) Branch of linguistics concerned with meaning.

Semaphore  —n. 1 system of signalling with the arms or two flags. 2 railway signalling apparatus consisting of a post with a movable arm or arms etc. —v. (-ring) signal or send by semaphore. [greek sema sign, phero bear]

Semblance  n. (foll. By of) appearance; show (a semblance of anger). [french sembler resemble]

Semen  n. Reproductive fluid of males. [latin semen semin- seed]

Semester  n. Half-year course or term in (esp. Us) universities. [latin semestris from sex six, mensis month]

Semi  n. (pl. -s) colloq. Semi-detached house. [abbreviation]

Semi-  prefix 1 half. 2 partly. [latin]

Semibreve  n. Mus. Note equal to four crochets.

Semicircle  n. Half of a circle or of its circumference. ~ semicircular adj.

Semicolon  n. Punctuation mark (;) of intermediate value between a comma and full stop.

Semiconductor  n. Substance that in certain conditions has electrical conductivity intermediate between insulators and metals.

Semi-conscious  adj. Partly or imperfectly conscious.

Semi-detached  —adj. (of a house) joined to one other on one side only. —n. Such a house.

Semifinal  n. Match or round preceding the final. ~ semifinalist n

Seminal  adj. 1 of seed, semen, or reproduction; germinal. 2 (of ideas etc.) Forming a basis for future development. [latin: related to +semen]

Seminar  n. 1 small discussion class at a university etc. 2 short intensive course of study. 3 conference of specialists. [german: related to +seminary]

Seminary  n. (pl. -ies) training-college for priests or rabbis etc. ~ seminarist n. [latin: related to +semen]

Semiotics  n. The study of signs and symbols and their use, esp. In language. ~ semiotic adj. [greek semeiotikos of signs]

Semi-permeable  adj. (of a membrane etc.) Allowing small molecules to pass through.

Semiprecious  adj. (of a gem) less valuable than a precious stone.

Semi-professional  —adj. 1 (of a footballer, musician, etc.) Paid for an activity but not relying on it for a living. 2 of semi-professionals. —n. Semi-professional person.

Semiquaver  n. Mus. Note equal to half a quaver.

Semi-skilled  adj. (of work or a worker) needing or having some training.

Semi-skimmed  adj. (of milk) from which some of the cream has been skimmed.

Semite  n. Member of the peoples said to be descended from shem (gen. 10), including esp. The jews and arabs. [greek sem shem]

Semitic  adj. 1 of the semites, esp. The jews. 2 of languages of the family including hebrew and arabic.

Semitone  n. Half a tone in the musical scale.

Semitropical  adj. = subtropical (+subtropics).

Semivowel  n. 1 sound intermediate between a vowel and a consonant. 2 letter representing this (e.g. W, y).

Semolina  n. 1 hard grains left after the milling of flour, used in milk puddings etc. 2 pudding of this. [italian semolino]

Sempstress  var. Of +seamstress.

Semtex  n.  Malleable odourless plastic explosive. [from semtín in czechoslovakia, where it was originally made]

Sen  abbr. State enrolled nurse.

Sen.  Abbr. 1 senior. 2 senator.

Senate  n. 1 legislative body, esp. The upper and smaller assembly in the us, france, etc. 2 governing body of a university or (us) a college. 3 ancient roman state council. [latin senatus from senex old man]

Senator  n. Member of a senate. ~ senatorial adj. [latin: related to +senate]

Send  v. (past and past part. Sent) 1 a order or cause to go or be conveyed. B propel (sent him flying). C cause to become (sent me mad). 2 send a message etc. (he sent to warn me). 3 (of god, etc.) Grant, bestow, or inflict; bring about; cause to be. 4 slang put into ecstasy. ~ send away for order (goods) by post. Send down 1 rusticate or expel from a university. 2 send to prison. Send for 1 summon. 2 order by post. Send in 1 cause to go in. 2 submit (an entry etc.) For a competition etc. Send off 1 dispatch (a letter, parcel, etc.). 2 attend the departure of (a person) as a sign of respect etc. 3 sport (of a referee) order (a player) to leave the field. Send off for = send away for. Send on transmit further or in advance of oneself. Send up 1 cause to go up. 2 transmit to a higher authority. 3 colloq. Ridicule by mimicking. Send word send information. ~ sender n. [old english]

Send-off  n. Party etc. At the departure of a person, start of a project, etc.

Send-up  n. Colloq. Satire, parody.

Senescent  adj. Growing old. ~ senescence n. [latin senex old]

Seneschal  n. Steward of a medieval great house. [french, = old servant]

Senile  adj. 1 of old age. 2 mentally or physically infirm because of old age. ~ senility n. [latin: related to +senescent]

Senile dementia  n. Illness of old people with loss of memory and control of bodily functions etc.

Senior  —adj. 1 more or most advanced in age, standing, or position. 2 (placed after a person's name) senior to a relative of the same name. —n. 1 senior person. 2 one's elder or superior. ~ seniority n. [latin comparative of senex old]

Senior citizen  n. Old-age pensioner.

Senior nursing officer  n. Person in charge of nursing services in a hospital.

Senior school  n. School for children esp. Over the age of 11.

Senior service  n. Royal navy.

Senna  n. 1 cassia. 2 laxative from the dried pod of this. [arabic]

Señor  n. (pl. Señores) title used of or to a spanish-speaking man. [spanish from latin senior +senior]

Señora  n. Title used of or to a spanish-speaking esp. Married woman.

Señorita  n. Title used of or to a young esp. Unmarried spanish-speaking woman.

Sensation  n. 1 feeling in one's body (sensation of warmth). 2 awareness, impression (sensation of being watched). 3 a intense interest, shock, etc. Felt among a large group. B person, event, etc., causing this. 4 sense of touch. [medieval latin: related to +sense]

Sensational  adj. 1 causing or intended to cause great public excitement etc. 2 dazzling; wonderful (you look sensational). ~ sensationalize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing). Sensationally adv.

Sensationalism  n. Use of or interest in the sensational. ~ sensationalist n. & adj.

Sense  —n. 1 a any of the five bodily faculties transmitting sensation. B sensitiveness of all or any of these (good sense of smell). 2 ability to perceive or feel. 3 (foll. By of) consciousness; awareness (sense of guilt). 4 quick or accurate appreciation, understanding, or instinct (sense of humour). 5 practical wisdom, common sense. 6 a meaning of a word etc. B intelligibility or coherence. 7 prevailing opinion (sense of the meeting). 8 (in pl.) Sanity, ability to think. —v. (-sing) 1 perceive by a sense or senses. 2 be vaguely aware of. 3 realize. 4 (of a machine etc.) Detect. ~ come to one's senses 1 regain consciousness. 2 regain common sense. In a (or one) sense if the statement etc. Is understood in a particular way. Make sense be intelligible or practicable. Make sense of show or find the meaning of. Take leave of one's senses go mad. [latin sensus from sentio sens- feel]

Senseless  adj. 1 pointless; foolish. 2 unconscious. ~ senselessly adv. Senselessness n.

Sense-organ  n. Bodily organ conveying external stimuli to the sensory system.

Sensibility  n. (pl. -ies) 1 capacity to feel. 2 a sensitiveness. B exceptional degree of this. 3 (in pl.) Tendency to feel offended etc.

Usage  sensibility should not be used in standard english to mean ‘possession of good sense’.

Sensible  adj. 1 having or showing wisdom or common sense. 2 a perceptible by the senses. B great enough to be perceived. 3 (of clothing etc.) Practical. 4 (foll. By of) aware. ~ sensibly adv.

Sensitive  adj. 1 (often foll. By to) acutely susceptible to external stimuli or impressions; having sensibility. 2 easily offended or hurt. 3 (often foll. By to) (of an instrument etc.) Responsive to or recording slight changes. 4 (of photographic materials) responding (esp. Rapidly) to light. 5 (of a topic etc.) Requiring tactful treatment or secrecy. ~ sensitively adv. Sensitiveness n. Sensitivity n.

Sensitize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make sensitive. ~ sensitization n.

Sensor  n. Device for detecting or measuring a physical property. [from +sensory]

Sensory  adj. Of sensation or the senses. [latin sentio sens- feel]

Sensual  adj. 1 a of physical, esp. Sexual, pleasure. B enjoying or giving this, voluptuous. 2 showing sensuality (sensual lips). ~ sensualism n. Sensually adv. [latin: related to +sense]

Usage  sensual is sometimes confused with sensuous, which does not have the sexual overtones of sensual.

Sensuality  n. (esp. Sexual) gratification of the senses.

Sensuous  adj. Of or affecting the senses, esp. Aesthetically. ~ sensuously adv. Sensuousness n. [latin: related to +sense]

Usage  see note at sensual.

Sent  past and past part. Of +send.

Sentence  —n. 1 statement, question, exclamation, or command containing or implying a subject and predicate (e.g. I went; come here!). 2 a decision of a lawcourt, esp. The punishment allotted to a convicted criminal.

Sententious  adj. 1 pompously moralizing. 2 affectedly formal in style. 3 aphoristic; using maxims. ~ sententiousness n. [latin: related to +sentence]

Sentient  adj. Capable of perception and feeling. ~ sentience n. Sentiency n. Sentiently adv. [latin sentio feel]

Sentiment  n. 1 mental feeling. 2 (often in pl.) What one feels, opinion. 3 opinion or feeling, as distinct from its expression (the sentiment is good). 4 emotional or irrational view. 5 such views collectively, esp. As an influence. 6 tendency to be swayed by feeling. 7 a mawkish or exaggerated emotion. B display of this.

Sentimental  adj. 1 of or showing sentiment. 2 showing or affected by emotion rather than reason. ~ sentimentalism n. Sentimentalist n. Sentimentality n. Sentimentalize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing). Sentimentally adv.

Sentimental value  n. Value given to a thing because of its associations.

Sentinel  n. Sentry or lookout. [french from italian]

Sentry  n. (pl. -ies) soldier etc. Stationed to keep guard. [perhaps from obsolete centrinel, var. Of +sentinel]

Sentry-box  n. Cabin for sheltering a standing sentry.

Sepal  n. Division or leaf of a calyx. [perhaps from +separate, +petal]

Separable  adj. Able to be separated. ~ separability n. [latin: related to +separate]

Separate  —adj. Forming a unit by itself, existing apart; disconnected, distinct, or individual. —n. (in pl.) Trousers, skirts, etc. That are not parts of suits. —v. (-ting) 1 make separate, sever. 2 prevent union or contact of. 3 go different ways. 4 (esp. As separated adj.) Cease to live with one's spouse. 5 (foll. By from) secede. 6 a divide or sort into parts or sizes. B (often foll. By out) extract or remove (an ingredient etc.). ~ separately adv. Separateness n. [latin separo (v.)]

Separation  n. 1 separating or being separated. 2 (in full judicial or legal separation) legal arrangement by which a couple remain married but live apart. [latin: related to +separate]

Separatist  n. Person who favours separation, esp. Political independence. ~ separatism n.

Separator  n. Machine for separating, e.g. Cream from milk.

Sephardi  n. (pl. Sephardim) jew of spanish or portuguese descent. ~ sephardic adj. [hebrew, = spaniard]

Sepia  n. 1 dark reddish-brown colour or paint. 2 brown tint used in photography. [greek, = cuttlefish]

Sepoy  n. Hist. Native indian soldier under european, esp. British, discipline. [persian sipahi soldier]

Sepsis  n. Septic condition. [greek: related to +septic]

Sept.  Abbr. September.

Sept  n. Clan, esp. In ireland. [alteration of +sect]

September  n. Ninth month of the year. [latin septem seven, originally the 7th month of the roman year]

Septennial  adj. 1 lasting for seven years. 2 recurring every seven years.

Septet  n. 1 mus. A composition for seven performers. B the performers. 2 any group of seven. [latin septem seven]

Septic  adj. Contaminated with bacteria, putrefying. [greek sepo rot]

Septicaemia  n. (us septicemia) blood-poisoning. ~ septicaemic adj. [from +septic, greek haima blood]

Septicemia  n. (brit. Septicaemia) blood-poisoning. ~ septicaemic adj. [from +septic, greek haima blood]

Septic tank  n. Tank in which sewage is disintegrated through bacterial activity.

Septuagenarian  n. Person from 70 to 79 years old. [latin -arius from septuaginta seventy]

Septuagesima  n. Sunday before sexagesima. [latin, = seventieth]

Septuagint  n. Greek version of the old testament including the apocrypha. [latin septuaginta seventy]

Septum  n. (pl. Septa) partition such as that between the nostrils or the chambers of a poppy-fruit or of a shell. [latin s(a)eptum from saepio enclose]

Septuple  —adj. 1 sevenfold, having seven parts. 2 being seven times as many or as much. —n. Sevenfold number or amount. [latin septem seven]

Sepulcher  (brit. Sepulchre) —n. Tomb, esp. Cut in rock or built of stone or brick. —v. (-ring) 1 place in a sepulchre. 2 serve as a sepulchre for. [latin sepelio bury]

Sepulchral  adj. 1 of a tomb or interment. 2 funereal, gloomy. [latin: related to +sepulchre]

Sepulchre  (us sepulcher) —n. Tomb, esp. Cut in rock or built of stone or brick. —v. (-ring) 1 place in a sepulchre. 2 serve as a sepulchre for. [latin sepelio bury]

Sepulture  n. Burying, interment. [latin: related to +sepulchre]

Sequel  n. 1 what follows (esp. As a result). 2 novel, film, etc., that continues the story of an earlier one. [latin sequor follow]

Sequence  n. 1 succession. 2 order of succession. 3 set of things belonging next to one another; unbroken series. 4 part of a film dealing with one scene or topic. [latin: related to +sequel]

Sequencer  n. Programmable electronic device for storing sequences of musical notes, chords, etc., and transmitting them when required to an electronic musical instrument. ~ sequencing n.

Sequential  adj. Forming a sequence or consequence. ~ sequentially adv. [from +sequence]

Sequester  v. 1 (esp. As sequestered adj.) Seclude, isolate. 2 = +sequestrate. [latin sequester trustee]

Sequestrate  v. (-ting) 1 confiscate. 2 take temporary possession of (a debtor's estate etc.). ~ sequestration n. Sequestrator n. [latin: related to +sequester]

Sequin  n. Circular spangle, esp. Sewn on to clothing. ~ sequinned adj. (also sequined). [italian zecchino a gold coin]

Sequoia  n. Extremely tall californian evergreen conifer. [sequoiah, name of a cherokee]

Seraglio  n. (pl. -s) 1 harem. 2 hist. Turkish palace. [italian serraglio from turkish]

Seraph  n. (pl. -im or -s) angelic being of the highest order of the celestial hierarchy. ~ seraphic adj. [hebrew]

Serb  —n. 1 native of serbia in se europe. 2 person of serbian descent. —adj. = +serbian. [serbian srb]

Serbian  —n. 1 dialect of the serbs. 2 = +serb. —adj. Of serbia.

Serbo-croat  (also serbo-croatian) —n. Main official language of yugoslavia, combining serbian and croatian. —adj. Of this language.

Serenade  —n. 1 piece of music performed at night, esp. Beneath a lover's window. 2 orchestral suite for a small ensemble. —v. (-ding) perform a serenade to. ~ serenader n. [italian: related to +serene]

Serendipity  n. Faculty of making happy discoveries by accident. ~ serendipitous adj. [coined by horace walpole]

Serene  adj. (-ner, -nest) 1 clear and calm. 2 tranquil, unperturbed. ~ serenely adv. Sereneness n. Serenity n. [latin]

Serf  n. 1 hist. Labourer who was not allowed to leave the land on which he worked. 2 oppressed person, drudge. ~ serfdom n. [latin servus slave]

Serge  n. Durable twilled worsted etc. Fabric. [french sarge, serge]

Sergeant  n. 1 non-commissioned army or raf officer next below warrant-officer. 2 police officer below inspector. [french sergent from latin serviens -ent- servant]

Sergeant-major  n. (in full regimental sergeant-major) warrant-officer assisting the adjutant of a regiment or battalion.

Serial  —n. (also attrib.) Story etc. Published, broadcast, or shown in instalments. —adj. 1 of, in, or forming a series. 2 mus. Using transformations of a fixed series of notes (see +series 4). ~ serially adv. [from +series]

Serialize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) publish or produce in instalments. ~ serialization n.

Serial killer  n. Person who murders continually with no apparent motive.

Serial number  n. Number identifying an item in a series.

Series  n. (pl. Same) 1 number of similar or related things, events, etc.; succession, row, or set. 2 set of related but individual programmes. 3 set of related geological strata. 4 arrangement of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale as a basis for serial music. 5 set of electrical circuits or components arranged so that the same current passes through each successively. ~ in series in ordered succession. [latin sero join]

Serif  n. Slight projection at the extremities of a printed letter (cf. +sanserif). [origin uncertain]

Serio-comic  adj. Combining the serious and the comic.

Serious  adj. 1 thoughtful, earnest. 2 important, demanding consideration. 3 not negligible; dangerous, frightening (serious injury). 4 sincere, in earnest, not frivolous. 5 (of music, literature, etc.) Intellectual in content or appeal; not popular. ~ seriously adv. Seriousness n. [latin seriosus]

Serjeant  n. (in full serjeant-at-law, pl. Serjeants-at-law) hist. Barrister of the highest rank. [var. Of +sergeant]

Serjeant-at-arms  n. (pl. Serjeants-at-arms) official of a court, city, or parliament, with ceremonial duties.

Sermon  n. 1 spoken or written discourse on religion or morals etc., esp. Delivered in church. 2 admonition, reproof. [latin sermo -onis speech]

Sermonize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) moralize (to).

Serous  adj. 1 of or like serum; watery. 2 (of a gland or membrane) having a serous secretion. ~ serosity n. [related to +serum]

Serpent  n. 1  snake, esp. Large. 2 sly or treacherous person. [latin serpo creep]

Serpentine  —adj. 1 of or like a serpent. 2 coiling, meandering. 3 cunning, treacherous. —n. Soft usu. Dark-green rock, sometimes mottled.

Serps  abbr. State earnings-related pension scheme.

Serrated  adj. With a sawlike edge. ~ serration n. [latin serra saw]

Serried  adj. (of ranks of soldiers etc.) Close together. [french serrer to close]

Serum  n. (pl. Sera or -s) 1 liquid that separates from a clot when blood coagulates, esp. Used for inoculation. 2 watery fluid in animal bodies. [latin, = whey]

Servant  n. 1 person employed to do domestic duties, esp. In a wealthy household. 2 devoted follower or helper. [french: related to +serve]

Serve  —v. (-ving) 1 do a service for (a person, community, etc.). 2 be a servant to. 3 carry out duties (served on six committees). 4 (foll. By in) be employed in (esp. The armed forces) (served in the navy). 5 a be useful to or serviceable for. B meet requirements; perform a function. 6 a go through a due period of (apprenticeship, a prison sentence, etc.). B go through (a due period) of imprisonment etc. 7 present (food) to eat. 8 (in full serve at table) act as a waiter. 9 a attend to (a customer etc.). B (foll. By with) supply with (goods). 10 treat (a person) in a specified way. 11  a (often foll. By on) deliver (a writ etc.). B (foll. By with) deliver a writ etc. To. 12 (also absol.) (in tennis etc.) Deliver (a ball etc.) To begin or resume play. 13 (of an animal) copulate with (a female). —n. = +service n. 16a, b. ~ serve a person right be a person's deserved punishment etc. Serve up derog. Offer (served up the same old excuses). [latin servio]

Server  n. 1 a person who serves. B utensil for serving food. 2 celebrant's assistant at a mass etc.

Servery  n. (pl. -ies) room or counter from which meals etc. Are served.

Service  —n. 1 work, or the doing of work, for another or for a community etc. (often in pl.: the services of a lawyer). 2 work done by a machine etc. (has given good service). 3 assistance or benefit given. 4 provision or supplying of a public need, e.g. Transport, or (often in pl.) Of water, gas, electricity, etc. 5 employment as a servant. 6 state or period of employment (resigned after 15 years' service). 7 public or crown department or organization (civil service). 8 (in pl.) The armed forces.

Serviceable  adj. 1 useful or usable; able to render service. 2 durable but plain. ~ serviceability n.

Service area  n. Area beside a major road providing petrol, refreshments, toilet facilities, etc.

Service charge  n. Additional charge for service in a restaurant etc.

Service flat  n. Flat in which domestic service and sometimes meals are provided for an extra fee.

Service industry  n. Industry providing services, not goods.

Serviceman  n. 1 man in the armed forces. 2 man providing service or maintenance.

Service road  n. Road serving houses, shops, etc., lying back from the main road.

Service station  n. = +garage n. 2.

Servicewoman  n. Woman in the armed forces.

Serviette  n. Table-napkin. [french: related to +serve]

Servile  adj. 1 of or like a slave. 2 fawning; subservient. ~ servility n. [latin servus slave]

Serving  n. Quantity of food for one person.

Servitor  n. Archaic servant, attendant. [latin: related to +serve]

Servitude  n. Slavery, subjection. [latin servus slave]

Servo  n. (pl. -s) 1 powered mechanism producing motion at a higher level of energy than the input level. 2 (in comb.) Involving this. [latin servus slave]

Sesame  n. 1 e. Indian plant with oil-yielding seeds. 2 its seeds. ~ open sesame magic phrase for opening a locked door or gaining access. [greek]

Sesqui-  comb. Form denoting 11/2 (sesquicentennial). [latin]

Sessile  adj. 1 (of a flower, leaf, eye, etc.) Attached directly by its base without a stalk or peduncle. 2 fixed in one position; immobile. [latin: related to +session]

Session  n. 1 period devoted to an activity (recording session). 2 assembly of a parliament, court, etc. 3 single meeting for this. 4 period during which these are regularly held. 5 academic year. ~ in session assembled for business; not on vacation. ~ sessional adj. [latin sedeo sess- sit]

Sestet  n. 1 last six lines of a sonnet. 2 sextet. [italian sesto sixth]

Set1  v. (-tt-; past and past part. Set) 1 put, lay, or stand in a certain position etc. 2 apply (one thing) to (another) (set pen to paper). 3 a fix ready or in position. B dispose suitably for use, action, or display. 4 a adjust (a clock or watch) to show the right time. B adjust (an alarm clock) to sound at the required time. 5 a fix, arrange, or mount. B insert (a jewel) in a ring etc. 6 make (a device) ready to operate. 7 lay (a table) for a meal. 8 style (the hair) while damp. 9 (foll. By with) ornament or provide (a surface). 10 make or bring into a specified state; cause to be (set things in motion; set it on fire).

Set2  n. 1 group of linked or similar things or persons. 2 section of society. 3 collection of objects for a specified purpose (cricket set; teaset). 4 radio or television receiver. 5 (in tennis etc.) Group of games counting as a unit towards winning a match. 6 math. Collection of things sharing a property. 7 direction or position in which something sets or is set. 8 slip, shoot, bulb, etc., for planting.

Set-back  n. Reversal or arrest of progress; relapse.

Set piece  n. 1 formal or elaborate arrangement, esp. In art or literature. 2 fireworks arranged on scaffolding etc.

Set square  n. Right-angled triangular plate for drawing lines, esp. At 90°, 45°, 60°, or 30°.

Sett  var. Of +set2 11, 12.

Settee  n. = +sofa. [origin uncertain]

Setter  n. Dog of a long-haired breed trained to stand rigid when scenting game.

Set theory  n. The study or use of sets in mathematics.

Setting  n. 1 position or manner in which a thing is set. 2 immediate surroundings of a house etc. 3 period, place, etc., of a story, drama, etc. 4 frame etc. For a jewel. 5 music to which words are set. 6 cutlery etc. For one person at a table. 7 level at which a machine is set to operate (on a high setting).

Settle1  v. (-ling) 1 (often foll. By down, in) establish or become established in an abode or lifestyle. 2 (often foll. By down) a regain calm after disturbance; come to rest. B adopt a regular or secure style of life. C (foll. By to) apply oneself (settled down to work). 3 (cause to) sit, alight, or come down to stay for some time. 4 make or become composed, certain, quiet, or fixed. 5 determine, decide, or agree upon. 6 resolve (a dispute, matter, etc.). 7 agree to terminate (a lawsuit). 8 (foll. By for) accept or agree to (esp. A less desirable alternative). 9 (also absol.) Pay (a debt, account, etc.). 10 (as settled adj.) Established (settled weather). 11 calm (nerves, the stomach, etc.). 12 a colonize. B establish colonists in. 13 subside; fall to the bottom or on to a surface. ~ settle up (also absol.) Pay (an account, debt, etc.). Settle with 1 pay (a creditor). 2 get revenge on. [old english: related to +sit]

Settle2  n. High-backed wooden bench, often with a box below the seat. [old english]

Settlement  n. 1 settling or being settled. 2 a place occupied by settlers. B small village. 3 a political or financial etc. Agreement. B arrangement ending a dispute. 4 a terms on which property is given to a person. B deed stating these. C amount or property given.

Settler  n. Person who settles abroad.

Set-to  n. (pl. -tos) colloq. Fight, argument.

Set-up  n. 1 arrangement or organization. 2 manner, structure, or position of this. 3 instance of setting a person up (see set up 10).

Seven  adj. & n. 1 one more than six. 2 symbol for this (7, vii, vii). 3 size etc. Denoted by seven. 4 seven o'clock. [old english]

Sevenfold  adj. & adv. 1 seven times as much or as many. 2 consisting of seven parts.

Seven seas  n. (prec. By the) the oceans of the world.

Seventeen  adj. & n. 1 one more than sixteen. 2 symbol for this (17, xvii, xvii). 3 size etc. Denoted by seventeen. ~ seventeenth adj. & n. [old english]

Seventh  adj. & n. 1 next after sixth. 2 one of seven equal parts of a thing. ~ seventhly adv.

Seventh-day adventists  n.pl. Sect of adventists observing the sabbath on saturday.

Seventh heaven  n. State of intense joy.

Seventy  adj. & n. (pl. -ies) 1 seven times ten. 2 symbol for this (70, lxx, lxx). 3 (in pl.) Numbers from 70 to 79, esp. The years of a century or of a person's life. ~ seventieth adj. & n. [old english]

Sever  v. Divide, break, or make separate, esp. By cutting (severed artery). [anglo-french severer from latin separo]

Several  —adj. & pron. More than two but not many; a few. —adj. Formal separate or respective (went their several ways). ~ severally adv. [latin separ distinct]

Severance  n. 1 act of severing. 2 severed state.

Severance pay  n. Payment made to an employee on termination of a contract.

Severe  adj. 1 rigorous and harsh (severe critic). 2 serious (severe shortage). 3 forceful (severe storm). 4 extreme (severe winter). 5 exacting (severe competition). 6 plain in style. ~ severely adv. Severity n. [latin severus]

Seville orange  n. Bitter orange used for marmalade. [seville in spain]

Sew  v. (past part. Sewn or sewed) fasten, join, etc., with a needle and thread or a sewing-machine. ~ sew up 1 join or enclose by sewing. 2 (esp. In passive) colloq. Satisfactorily arrange or finish; gain control of. [old english]

Sewage  n. Waste matter conveyed in sewers. [from +sewer]

Sewage farm  n. (also sewage works) place where sewage is treated.

Sewer  n. Conduit, usu. Underground, for carrying off drainage water and sewage. [anglo-french sever(e): related to +ex-1, aqua water]

Sewerage  n. System of, or drainage by, sewers.

Sewing  n. Material or work to be sewn.

Sewing-machine  n. Machine for sewing or stitching.

Sewn  past part. Of +sew.

Sex  —n. 1 each of the main groups (male and female) into which living things are categorized on the basis of their reproductive functions (what sex is your dog?). 2 sexual instincts, desires, etc., or their manifestation. 3 colloq. Sexual intercourse. 4 (attrib.) Of or relating to sex or sexual differences. —v. 1 determine the sex of. 2 (as sexed adj.) Having a specified sexual appetite (highly sexed). [latin sexus]

Sexagenarian  n. Person from 60 to 69 years old. [latin -arius from sexaginta sixty]

Sexagesima  n. Sunday before quinquagesima. [latin, = sixtieth]

Sex appeal  n. Sexual attractiveness.

Sex change  n. Apparent change of sex by hormone treatment and surgery.

Sex chromosome  n. Chromosome determining the sex of an organism.

Sexism  n. Prejudice or discrimination, esp. Against women, on the grounds of sex. ~ sexist adj. & n.

Sexless  adj. 1 neither male nor female. 2 lacking sexual desire or attractiveness.

Sex life  n. Person's sexual activity.

Sex maniac  n. Colloq. Person obsessed with sex.

Sex object  n. Person regarded as an object of sexual gratification.

Sex offender  n. Person who commits a sexual crime.

Sexology  n. The study of sexual relationships or practices. ~ sexologist n.

Sex symbol  n. Person widely noted for sex appeal.

Sextant  n. Instrument with a graduated arc of 60°, used in navigation and surveying for measuring the angular distance of objects by means of mirrors. [latin sextans -ntis sixth part]

Sextet  n. 1 mus. A composition for six performers. B the performers. 2 any group of six. [alteration of +sestet after latin sex six]

Sexton  n. Person who looks after a church and churchyard, often acting as bell-ringer and gravedigger. [french segerstein from latin sacristanus]

Sextuple  —adj. 1 sixfold. 2 having six parts. 3 being six times as many or as much. —n. Sixfold number or amount. [medieval latin from latin sex six]

Sextuplet  n. Each of six children born at one birth.

Sexual  adj. Of sex, the sexes, or relations between them. ~ sexuality n. Sexually adv.

Sexual intercourse  n. Method of reproduction involving insertion of the penis into the vagina, usu. Followed by ejaculation.

Sexy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 sexually attractive, stimulating, or aroused. 2 colloq. (of a project etc.) Exciting, trendy. ~ sexily adv. Sexiness n.

Sf  abbr. Science fiction.

Sf  abbr. Sforzando.

Sforzando  mus. —adj. & adv. With sudden emphasis. —n. (pl. -s or -di) 1 suddenly emphasized note or group of notes. 2 increase in emphasis and loudness. [italian]

Sgt.  Abbr. Sergeant.

Sh  int. = +hush.

Shabby  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 faded and worn, dingy, dilapidated. 2 contemptible (a shabby trick). ~ shabbily adv. Shabbiness n. [related to +scab]

Shack  —n. Roughly built hut or cabin. —v. (foll. By up) slang cohabit, esp. As lovers. [perhaps from mexican jacal wooden hut]

Shackle  —n. 1 metal loop or link, closed by a bolt, used to connect chains etc. 2 fetter for the ankle or wrist. 3 (usu. In pl.) Restraint, impediment. —v. (-ling) fetter, impede, restrain. [old english]

Shad  n. (pl. Same or -s) large edible marine fish. [old english]

Shaddock  n. 1 largest citrus fruit, with a thick yellow skin and bitter pulp. 2 tree bearing these. [capt. Shaddock, who introduced it to the w. Indies in the 17th c.]

Shade  —n. 1 comparative darkness (and usu. Coolness) given by shelter from direct light and heat. 2 area so sheltered. 3 darker part of a picture etc. 4 colour, esp. As darker or lighter than one similar. 5 comparative obscurity. 6 slight amount (a shade better). 7 lampshade. 8 screen against the light. 9 (in pl.) Esp. Us colloq. Sunglasses. 10 literary ghost. 11 (in pl.; foll. By of) reminder of, suggesting (esp. Something undesirable) (shades of hitler!). —v. (-ding) 1 screen from light. 2 cover, moderate, or exclude the light of. 3 darken, esp. With parallel lines to show shadow etc. 4 (often foll. By away, off, into) pass or change gradually. [old english]

Shading  n. Light and shade shown on a map or drawing by parallel lines etc.

Shadow  —n. 1 shade; patch of shade. 2 dark shape projected by a body intercepting rays of light. 3 inseparable attendant or companion. 4 person secretly following another. 5 slightest trace (not a shadow of doubt). 6 weak or insubstantial remnant (a shadow of his former self). 7 (attrib.) Denoting members of an opposition party holding posts parallel to those of the government (shadow cabinet). 8 shaded part of a picture. 9 gloom or sadness. —v. 1 cast a shadow over. 2 secretly follow and watch. [old english: related to +shade]

Shadow-boxing  n. Boxing with an imaginary opponent as training.

Shadowy  adj. 1 like or having a shadow. 2 vague, indistinct.

Shady  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 giving shade. 2 situated in shade. 3 disreputable; of doubtful honesty. ~ shadily adv. Shadiness n.

Shaft  n. 1 narrow usu. Vertical space, for access to a mine, or (in a building) for a lift, ventilation, etc. 2 (foll. By of) a ray (of light). B bolt (of lightning). 3 stem or handle of a tool etc. 4 long narrow part supporting, connecting, or driving thicker part(s) etc. 5 a archaic arrow, spear. B its long slender stem. 6 hurtful or provocative remark (shafts of wit). 7 each of the pair of poles between which a horse is harnessed to a vehicle. 8 central stem of a feather. 9 column, esp. Between the base and capital. [old english]

Shag1  n. 1 coarse kind of cut tobacco. 2 a rough mass of hair etc. B (attrib.) (of a carpet) with a long rough pile 3 cormorant, esp. The crested cormorant. [old english]

Shag2  v. (-gg) coarse slang 1 have sexual intercourse with. 2 (usu. In passive; often foll. By out) exhaust, tire out. [origin unknown]

Shaggy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 hairy, rough-haired. 2 unkempt. ~ shagginess n.

Shaggy-dog story  n. Long rambling joke, amusing only by its pointlessness.

Shagreen  n. 1 a kind of untanned granulated leather. 2 sharkskin. [var. Of +chagrin]

Shah  n. Hist. Former monarch of iran. [persian]

Shake  —v. (-king; past shook; past part. Shaken) 1 move forcefully or quickly up and down or to and fro. 2 (cause to) tremble or vibrate. 3 agitate, shock, or upset the composure of. 4 weaken or impair in courage, effectiveness, etc. 5 (of a voice, note, etc.) Tremble; trill. 6 gesture with (one's fist, a stick, etc.). 7 colloq. Shake hands (they shook on the deal). —n. 1 shaking or being shaken. 2 jerk or shock. 3 (in pl.; prec. By the) colloq. Fit of trembling. 4 mus. Trill. 5 = +milk shake. ~ no great shakes colloq. Mediocre, poor. Shake down 1 settle or cause to fall by shaking. 2 settle down; become established. Shake hands (often foll. By with) clasp hands as a greeting, farewell, in congratulation, as confirmation of a deal, etc. Shake one's head turn one's head from side to side in refusal, denial, disapproval, or concern. Shake off get rid of or evade (a person or thing). Shake out 1 empty by shaking. 2 open (a sail, flag, etc.) By shaking. Shake up 1 mix by shaking. 2 restore to shape by shaking.

Shaker  n. 1 person or thing that shakes. 2 container for shaking together the ingredients of cocktails etc.

Shakespearian  adj. (also shakespearean) of shakespeare.

Shake-up  n. Upheaval or drastic reorganization.

Shako  n. (pl. -s) cylindrical plumed peaked military hat. [hungarian csákó]

Shaky  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 unsteady; trembling. 2 unsound, infirm. 3 unreliable. ~ shakily adv. Shakiness n.

Shale  n. Soft rock of consolidated mud or clay that splits easily. ~ shaly adj. [german: related to +scale2]

Shall  v.aux. (3rd sing. Present shall; archaic 2nd sing. Present shalt; past should) (foll. By infin. Without to, or absol.; present and past only in use) 1 (in the 1st person) expressing the future tense or (with shall stressed) emphatic intention (i shall return soon). 2 (in the 2nd and 3rd persons) expressing a strong assertion, command, or duty (they shall go to the party; thou shalt not steal; they shall obey). 3 (in 2nd-person questions) expressing an enquiry, esp. To avoid the form of a request (shall you go to france?). ~ shall i? (or we) do you want me (or us) to? [old english]

Shallot  n. Onion-like plant with a cluster of small bulbs. [french: related to +scallion]

Shallow  —adj. 1 of little depth. 2 superficial, trivial. —n. (often in pl.) Shallow place. ~ shallowness n. [old english]

Shalom  n. & int. Jewish salutation at meeting or parting. [hebrew]

Shalt  archaic 2nd person sing. Of +shall.

Sham  —v. (-mm-) 1 feign, pretend. 2 pretend to be. —n. 1 imposture, pretence. 2 bogus or false person or thing. —adj. Pretended, counterfeit. [origin unknown]

Shaman  n. Witch-doctor or priest claiming to communicate with gods etc. ~ shamanism n. [russian]

Shamble  —v. (-ling) walk or run awkwardly, dragging the feet. —n. Shambling gait. [perhaps related to +shambles]

Shambles  n.pl. (usu. Treated as sing.) 1 colloq. Mess, muddle. 2 butcher's slaughterhouse. 3 scene of carnage. [pl. Of shamble table for selling meat]

Shambolic  adj. Colloq. Chaotic, unorganized. [from +shambles after symbolic]

Shame  —n. 1 distress or humiliation caused by consciousness of one's guilt, dishonour, or folly. 2 capacity for feeling this. 3 state of disgrace or discredit. 4 a person or thing that brings disgrace etc. B thing that is wrong or regrettable. —v. (-ming) 1 bring shame on; make ashamed; put to shame. 2 (foll. By into, out of) force by shame (shamed into confessing). ~ for shame! Reproof to a shameless person. Put to shame humiliate by being greatly superior. [old english]

Shamefaced  adj. 1 showing shame. 2 bashful, shy. ~ shamefacedly adv.

Shameful  adj. Disgraceful, scandalous. ~ shamefully adv. Shamefulness n.

Shameless  adj. 1 having or showing no shame. 2 impudent. ~ shamelessly adv.

Shammy  n. (pl. -ies) (in full shammy leather) colloq. = +chamois 2. [representing corrupted pronunciation]

Shampoo  —n. 1 liquid for washing the hair. 2 similar substance for washing cars, carpets, etc. —v. (-poos, -pooed) wash with shampoo. [hindustani]

Shamrock  n. Trefoil, used as an emblem of ireland. [irish]

Shandy  n. (pl. -ies) beer with lemonade or ginger beer. [origin unknown]

Shanghai  v. (-hais, -haied, -haiing) 1 colloq. Trick or force someone into doing something. 2 trick or force (a person) into serving as a sailor. [shanghai in china]

Shank  n. 1 a leg. B lower part of the leg. C shin-bone. 2 shaft or stem, esp. The part of a tool etc. Joining the handle to the working end. [old english]

Shanks's mare  n. (also shanks's pony) one's own legs as transport.

Shan't  contr. Shall not.

Shantung  n. Soft undressed chinese silk. [shantung, chinese province]

Shanty1  n. (pl. -ies) 1 hut or cabin. 2 shack. [origin unknown]

Shanty2  n. (pl. -ies) (in full sea shanty) sailors' work song. [probably french chanter: related to +chant]

Shanty town  n. Area with makeshift housing.

Shape  —n. 1 effect produced by a thing's outline. 2 external form or appearance. 3 specific form or guise (in the shape of an excuse). 4 good or specified condition (back in shape; in poor shape). 5 person or thing seen in outline or indistinctly. 6 mould or pattern. 7 moulded jelly etc. 8 piece of material, paper, etc., made or cut in a particular form. —v. (-ping) 1 give a certain shape or form to; fashion, create. 2 influence (one's life, course, etc.). 3 (usu. Foll. By up) show signs of developing; show promise. 4 (foll. By to) adapt or make conform. ~ in any shape or form in any form at all (don't like jazz in any shape or form). Take shape take on a definite form. [old english]

Shapeless  adj. Lacking definite or attractive shape. ~ shapelessness n.

Shapely  adj. (-ier, -iest) pleasing in appearance, elegant, well-proportioned. ~ shapeliness n.

Shard  n. Broken piece of pottery or glass etc. [old english]

Share1  —n. 1 portion of a whole allotted to or taken from a person. 2 each of the equal parts into which a company's capital is divided, entitling its owner to a proportion of the profits. —v. (-ring) 1 (also absol.) Have or use with another or others; get, have, or give a share of (we shared a room; refused to share; shared his food). 2 (foll. By in) participate. 3 (often foll. By out) divide and distribute (let's share the last cake). 4 have in common (shared the same beliefs). [old english: related to +shear]

Share2  n. = +ploughshare. [old english: related to +share1]

Shareholder  n. Owner of shares in a company.

Share-out  n. Act of sharing out, distribution.

Shark1  n. Large voracious marine fish. [origin unknown]

Shark2  n. Colloq. Swindler, profiteer. [origin unknown]

Sharkskin  n. 1 skin of a shark. 2 smooth slightly shiny fabric.

Sharp  —adj. 1 having an edge or point able to cut or pierce. 2 tapering to a point or edge. 3 abrupt, steep, angular. 4 well-defined, clean-cut. 5 a severe or intense. B (of food etc.) Pungent, acid. 6 (of a voice etc.) Shrill and piercing. 7 (of words or temper etc.) Harsh. 8 acute; quick to understand. 9 artful, unscrupulous. 10 vigorous or brisk. 11 mus. Above the normal pitch; a semitone higher than a specified pitch (c sharp). —n. 1 mus. A note a semitone above natural pitch. B sign indicating this. 2 colloq. Swindler, cheat. —adv. 1 punctually (at nine o'clock sharp). 2 suddenly (pulled up sharp). 3 at a sharp angle. 4 mus. Above true pitch (sings sharp). ~ sharply adv. Sharpness n. [old english]

Sharpen  v. Make or become sharp. ~ sharpener n.

Sharper  n. Swindler, esp. At cards.

Sharpish  colloq. —adj. Fairly sharp. —adv. 1 fairly sharply. 2 quite quickly.

Sharp practice  n. Dishonest or dubious dealings.

Sharpshooter  n. Skilled marksman.

Sharp-witted  adj. Keenly perceptive or intelligent.

Shat  past and past. Part. Of +shit.

Shatter  v. 1 break suddenly in pieces. 2 severely damage or destroy. 3 (esp. In passive) greatly upset or discompose. 4 (usu. As shattered adj.) Colloq. Exhaust. [origin unknown]

Shave  —v. (-ving; past part. Shaved or (as adj.) Shaven) 1 remove (bristles or hair) with a razor. 2 (also absol.) Remove bristles or hair with a razor from (a person, face, leg, etc.). 3 reduce by a small amount. 4 pare (wood etc.) To shape it. 5 miss or pass narrowly. —n. 1 shaving or being shaved. 2 narrow miss or escape. 3 tool for shaving wood etc. [old english]

Shaver  n. 1 thing that shaves. 2 electric razor. 3 colloq. Young lad.

Shavian  —adj. Of or like the writings of g. B. Shaw. —n. Admirer of shaw. [shavius, latinized form of shaw]

Shaving  n. Thin strip cut off wood etc.

Shawl  n. Large usu. Rectangular piece of fabric worn over the shoulders or head, or wrapped round a baby. [urdu from persian shal]

She  —pron. (obj. Her; poss. Her; pl. They) the woman, girl, female animal, ship, or country, etc. Previously named or in question. —n. 1 female; woman. 2 (in comb.) Female (she-goat). [old english]

S/he  pron. Written representation of ‘he or she’ used to indicate either sex.

Sheaf  —n. (pl. Sheaves) bundle of things laid lengthways together and usu. Tied, esp. Reaped corn or a collection of papers. —v. Make into sheaves. [old english]

Shear  —v. (past sheared; past part. Shorn or sheared) 1  (also absol.) Clip the wool off (a sheep etc.). 2 remove or take off by cutting. 3 cut with scissors or shears etc. 4 (foll. By of) a strip bare. B deprive. 5 (often foll. By off) distort, be distorted, or break, from structural strain. —n. 1  strain produced by pressure in the structure of a substance. 2 (in pl.) (also pair of shears sing.) Large scissor-shaped clipping or cutting instrument. ~ shearer n. [old english]

Sheath  n. (pl. -s) 1 close-fitting cover, esp. For the blade of a knife or sword. 2 condom. 3 enclosing case, covering, or tissue. 4 woman's close-fitting dress. [old english]

Sheathe  v. (-thing) 1 put into a sheath. 2 encase; protect with a sheath.

Sheath knife  n. Dagger-like knife carried in a sheath.

Sheave  v. (-ving) make into sheaves.

Sheaves  pl. Of +sheaf.

Shebeen  n. Esp. Ir. Unlicensed drinking place. [irish]

Shed1  n. One-storeyed usu. Wooden structure for storage or shelter, or as a workshop. [from +shade]

Shed2  v. (-dd-; past and past part. Shed) 1 let, or cause to, fall off (trees shed their leaves). 2 take off (clothes). 3 reduce (an electrical power load) by disconnection etc. 4 cause to fall or flow (shed blood; shed tears). 5 disperse, diffuse, radiate (shed light). 6 get rid of (ibm are shedding 200 jobs; shed your inhibitions). ~ shed light on help to explain. [old english]

She'd  contr. 1 she had. 2 she would.

Sheen  n. 1 gloss or lustre. 2 brightness. ~ sheeny adj. [old english, = beautiful]

Sheep  n. (pl. Same) 1 mammal with a thick woolly coat, esp. Kept for its wool or meat. 2 timid, silly, or easily-led person. 3 (usu. In pl.) Member of a minister's congregation. [old english]

Sheep-dip  n. Preparation or place for cleansing sheep of vermin by dipping.

Sheepdog  n. 1 dog trained to guard and herd sheep. 2 dog of a breed suitable for this.

Sheepfold  n. Pen for sheep.

Sheepish  adj. Embarrassed or shy; ashamed. ~ sheepishly adv.

Sheepshank  n. Knot for shortening a rope temporarily.

Sheepskin  n. 1 (often attrib.) Sheep's skin with the wool on. 2 leather from sheep's skin.

Sheer1  —adj. 1 mere, complete (sheer luck). 2 (of a cliff etc.) Perpendicular. 3 (of a textile) diaphanous. —adv. Directly, perpendicularly. [old english]

Sheer2  v. 1 esp. Naut. Swerve or change course. 2 (foll. By away, off) turn away, esp. From a person or topic one dislikes or fears. [origin unknown]

Sheet1  —n. 1 large rectangle of cotton etc. Used esp. In pairs as inner bedclothes. 2 broad usu. Thin flat piece of paper, metal, etc. 3 wide expanse of water, ice, flame, falling rain, etc. 4 page of unseparated postage stamps. 5 derog. Newspaper. —v. 1 provide or cover with sheets. 2 form into sheets. 3 (of rain etc.) Fall in sheets. [old english]

Sheet2  n. Rope or chain attached to the lower corner of a sail to hold or control it. [old english: related to +sheet1]

Sheet anchor  n. 1 emergency reserve anchor. 2 person or thing depended on in the last resort.

Sheeting  n. Material for making bed linen.

Sheet metal  n. Metal rolled or hammered etc. Into thin sheets.

Sheet music  n. Music published in sheets, not bound.

Sheikh  n. 1 chief or head of an arab tribe, family, or village. 2 muslim leader. ~ sheikhdom n. [arabic]

Sheila  n. Austral. & nz slang girl, young woman. [origin uncertain]

Shekel  n. 1 chief monetary unit of modern israel. 2 hist. Silver coin and unit of weight in ancient israel etc. 3 (in pl.) Colloq. Money; riches. [hebrew]

Shelduck  n. (pl. Same or -s; masc. Sheldrake, pl. Same or -s) bright-plumaged wild duck. [probably from dial. Sheld pied, +duck1]

Shelf  n. (pl. Shelves) 1 wooden etc. Board projecting from a wall, or as part of a unit, used to store things. 2 a projecting horizontal ledge in a cliff face etc. B reef or sandbank. ~ on the shelf 1 (of a woman) regarded as too old to hope for marriage. 2 (esp. Of a retired person) put aside as if no longer useful. [low german]

Shelf-life  n. Time for which a stored item remains usable.

Shelf-mark  n. Code on a library book showing where it is kept.

Shell  —n. 1 a hard outer case of many molluscs, the tortoise, etc. B hard but fragile case of an egg. C hard outer case of a nut-kernel, seed, etc. 2 a explosive projectile for use in a big gun etc. B hollow container for fireworks, cartridges, etc. 3 shell-like thing, esp.: a a light racing-boat. B the metal framework of a vehicle etc. C the walls of an unfinished or gutted building, ship, etc. —v. 1 remove the shell or pod from. 2  bombard with shells. ~ come out of one's shell become less shy. Shell out (also absol.) Colloq. Pay (money). ~ shell-less adj. Shell-like adj. [old english]

She'll  contr. She will; she shall.

Shellac  —n. Resin used for making varnish. —v. (-ck-) varnish with shellac. [from +shell, +lac]

Shelled  adj. 1 having a shell. 2 with its shell removed.

Shellfish  n. (pl. Same) 1 aquatic mollusc with a shell. 2 crustacean.

Shell-shock  n. Nervous breakdown caused by warfare. ~ shell-shocked adj.

Shelta  n. Ancient hybrid secret language used by irish tinkers, gypsies, etc. [origin unknown]

Shelter  —n. 1 protection from danger, bad weather, etc. 2 place giving shelter or refuge. —v. 1 act or serve as a shelter to; protect; conceal; defend. 2 find refuge; take cover. [origin unknown]

Shelve  v. (-ving) 1 put aside, esp. Temporarily. 2 put (books etc.) On a shelf. 3 fit with shelves. 4 (of ground etc.) Slope. ~ shelving n.

Shelves  pl. Of +shelf.

Shemozzle  n. Slang 1 brawl or commotion. 2 muddle. [yiddish]

Shenanigan  n. (esp. In pl.) Colloq. Mischievous or dubious behaviour, carryings-on. [origin unknown]

Shepherd  —n. 1 (fem. Shepherdess) person employed to tend sheep. 2 member of the clergy in charge of a congregation. —v. 1 a tend (sheep etc.). B guide (followers etc.). 2 marshal or drive (a crowd etc.) Like sheep. [old english: related to +sheep, +herd]

Shepherd's pie  n. = +cottage pie.

Sheraton  n. (often attrib.) Style of english furniture c.1790. [name of a furniture-maker]

Sherbet  n. 1 flavoured sweet effervescent powder or drink. 2 drink of sweet diluted fruit juices. [turkish and persian from arabic]

Sherd  n. = +potsherd. [old english]

Sheriff  n. 1 a (also high sheriff) chief executive officer of the crown in a county, administering justice etc. B honorary officer elected annually in some towns. 2 us elected chief law-enforcing officer in a county. 3 (also sheriff-depute) scot. Chief judge of a county or district. [old english: related to +shire, +reeve1]

Sherpa  n. (pl. Same or -s) member of a himalayan people living on the borders of nepal and tibet. [native name]

Sherry  n. (pl. -ies) 1 fortified wine orig. From s. Spain. 2 glass of this. [xeres in andalusia]

She's  contr. 1 she is. 2 she has.

Shetland pony  n. Pony of a small hardy rough-coated breed. [shetland islands, nne of scotland]

Shew  archaic var. Of +show.

Shiatsu  n. Japanese therapy in which pressure is applied, chiefly with fingers and hands, to specific points on the body. [japanese, = finger pressure]

Shibboleth  n. Long-standing formula, doctrine, or phrase, etc., held to be true by a party or sect. [hebrew (judg. 12:6)]

Shied  past & past part. Of +shy2.

Shield  —n. 1 a piece of armour held in front of the body for protection when fighting. B person or thing giving protection. 2 shield-shaped trophy. 3 protective plate or screen in machinery etc. 4 heraldry stylized representation of a shield for displaying a coat of arms etc. —v. Protect or screen. [old english]

Shier  compar. Of +shy1.

Shiest  superl. Of +shy1.

Shift  —v. 1 (cause to) change or move from one position to another. 2 remove, esp. With effort. 3 slang a hurry. B consume (food or drink). 4 us change (gear) in a vehicle. —n. 1 act of shifting. 2 a relay of workers. B time for which they work. 3 a device, stratagem, or expedient. B trick or evasion. 4 woman's straight unwaisted dress or petticoat. 5 physics displacement of a spectral line. 6 key on a keyboard used to switch between lower and upper case etc. 7 us a gear lever in a vehicle. B mechanism for this. ~ make shift manage; get along somehow. Shift for oneself rely on one's own efforts. Shift one's ground take up a new position in an argument etc. [old english]

Shiftless  adj. Lacking resourcefulness; lazy.

Shifty  adj. Colloq. (-ier, -iest) evasive; deceitful. ~ shiftily adv. Shiftiness n.

Shiite  —n. Adherent of the branch of islam rejecting the first three sunni caliphs. —adj. Of this branch. [arabic shiah, = party]

Shillelagh  n. Irish cudgel. [shillelagh in ireland]

Shilling  n. 1 hist. Former british coin and monetary unit worth one-twentieth of a pound. 2 monetary unit in kenya, tanzania, and uganda. [old english]

Shilly-shally  v. (-ies, -ied) be undecided; vacillate. [from shall i?]

Shim  —n. Thin wedge in machinery etc. To make parts fit. —v. (-mm-) fit or fill up with a shim. [origin unknown]

Shimmer  —v. Shine tremulously or faintly. —n. Tremulous or faint light. [old english]

Shin  —n. 1 front of the leg below the knee. 2 cut of beef from this part. —v. (-nn-) (usu. Foll. By up, down) climb quickly by clinging with the arms and legs. [old english]

Shin-bone  n. = +tibia.

Shindig  n. Colloq. 1 lively noisy party. 2 = +shindy 1. [probably from +shindy]

Shindy  n. (pl. -ies) colloq. 1 brawl, disturbance, or noise. 2 = +shindig 1. [perhaps an alteration of +shinty]

Shine  —v. (-ning; past and past part. Shone or shined) 1 emit or reflect light; be bright; glow. 2 (of the sun, a star, etc.) Be visible. 3 cause (a lamp etc.) To shine. 4 (past and past part. Shined) polish. 5 be brilliant; excel. —n. 1 light; brightness. 2 high polish; lustre. ~ take a shine to colloq. Take a fancy to. [old english]

Shiner  n. Colloq. Black eye.

Shingle1  n. Small smooth pebbles, esp. On the sea-shore. ~ shingly adj. [origin uncertain]

Shingle2  —n. 1 rectangular wooden tile used on roofs etc. 2 archaic a shingled hair. B shingling of hair. —v. (-ling) 1 roof with shingles. 2 archaic a cut (a woman's hair) short. B cut the hair of (a person or head) in this way. [latin scindula]

Shingles  n.pl. (usu. Treated as sing.) Acute painful viral inflammation of the nerve ganglia, with a rash often encircling the body. [latin cingulum girdle]

Shinto  n. Japanese religion with the worship of ancestors and nature-spirits. ~ shintoism n. Shintoist n. [chinese, = way of the gods]

Shinty  n. (pl. -ies) 1 game like hockey, but with taller goalposts. 2 stick or ball used in this. [origin uncertain]

Shiny  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 having a shine. 2 (of clothing) with the nap worn off. ~ shininess n.

Ship  —n. 1 large seagoing vessel. 2 us aircraft. 3 spaceship. —v. (-pp-) 1 put, take, or send away in a ship. 2 a take in (water) over a ship's side etc. B lay (oars) at the bottom of a boat. C fix (a rudder etc.) In place. 3 a embark. B (of a sailor) take service on a ship. 4 deliver (goods) to an agent for forwarding. ~ ship off send away.

-ship  suffix forming nouns denoting: 1 quality or condition (friendship; hardship). 2 status, office, etc. (authorship; lordship). 3 tenure of office (chairmanship). 4 specific skill (workmanship). 5 members of a group (readership). [old english]

Shipboard  attrib. Adj. Used or occurring on board a ship.

Shipbuilder  n. Person, company, etc., that constructs ships. ~ shipbuilding n.

Ship-canal  n. Canal large enough for ships.

Shipload  n. As many goods or passengers as a ship can hold.

Shipmate  n. Fellow member of a ship's crew.

Shipment  n. 1 amount of goods shipped. 2 act of shipping goods etc.

Shipowner  n. Owner of a ship, ships, or shares in ships.

Shipper  n. Person or company that ships goods. [old english]

Shipping  n. 1 transport of goods etc. 2 ships, esp. A navy.

Ship's boat  n. Small boat carried on board a ship.

Shipshape  adv. & predic.adj. Trim, neat, tidy.

Shipwreck  —n. 1 a destruction of a ship by a storm, foundering, etc. B ship so destroyed. 2 (often foll. By of) ruin of hopes, dreams, etc. —v. 1 inflict shipwreck on. 2 suffer shipwreck.

Shipwright  n. 1 shipbuilder. 2 ship's carpenter.

Shipyard  n. Place where ships are built etc.

Shire  n. County. [old english]

Shire-horse  n. Heavy powerful draught-horse.

Shirk  v. (also absol.) Avoid (duty, work, etc.). ~ shirker n. [german schurke scoundrel]

Shirr  —n. Elasticated gathered threads in a garment etc. Forming smocking. —v. Gather (material) with parallel threads. ~ shirring n. [origin unknown]

Shirt  n. Upper-body garment of cotton etc., usu. Front-opening. ~ keep one's shirt on colloq. Keep one's temper. Put one's shirt on colloq. Bet all one has on. ~ shirting n. Shirtless adj. [old english]

Shirtsleeve  n. (usu. In pl.) Sleeve of a shirt. ~ in shirtsleeves without one's jacket on.

Shirt-tail  n. Curved part of a shirt below the waist.

Shirtwaister  n. Woman's dress with a bodice like a shirt.

Shirty  adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. Angry; annoyed. ~ shirtily adv. Shirtiness n.

Shish kebab  n. Pieces of meat and vegetables grilled on skewers. [turkish: related to +kebab]

Shit  coarse slang —n. 1 faeces. 2 act of defecating. 3 contemptible person. 4 nonsense. —int. Exclamation of anger etc. —v. (-tt-; past and past part. Shitted, shat or shit) defecate or cause the defecation of (faeces etc.). [old english]

Shitty  adj. (-ier, -iest) coarse slang 1 disgusting, contemptible. 2 covered with excrement.

Shiver1  —v. Tremble with cold, fear, etc. —n. 1 momentary shivering movement. 2 (in pl., prec. By the) attack of shivering. ~ shivery adj. [origin uncertain]

Shiver2  —n. (esp. In pl.) Small fragment or splinter. —v. Break into shivers. [related to dial. Shive slice]

Shoal1  —n. Multitude, esp of fish swimming together. —v. (of fish) form shoals. [dutch: cf. +school2]

Shoal2  —n. 1 a area of shallow water. B submerged sandbank visible at low water. 2 (esp. In pl.) Hidden danger. —v. (of water) get shallower. [old english]

Shock1  —n. 1 violent collision, impact, tremor, etc. 2 sudden and disturbing effect on the emotions etc. 3 acute prostration following a wound, pain, etc. 4 = +electric shock. 5 disturbance in the stability of an organization etc. —v. 1 a horrify; outrage. B (absol.) Cause shock. 2 affect with an electric or pathological shock. [french choc, choquer]

Shock2  —n. Group of corn-sheaves in a field. —v. Arrange (corn) in shocks. [origin uncertain]

Shock3  n. Unkempt or shaggy mass of hair. [origin unknown]

Shock absorber  n. Device on a vehicle etc. For absorbing shocks, vibrations, etc.

Shocker  n. Colloq. 1 shocking person or thing. 2 sensational novel etc.

Shocking  adj. 1 causing shock; scandalous. 2 colloq. Very bad. ~ shockingly adv.

Shocking pink  adj. & n. (as adj. Often hyphenated) vibrant shade of pink.

Shockproof  adj. Resistant to the effects of (esp. Physical) shock.

Shock therapy  n. (also shock treatment) treatment of depressive patients by electric shock etc.

Shock troops  n.pl. Troops specially trained for assault.

Shock wave  n. 1 moving region of high air pressure caused by an explosion or by a supersonic body. 2 wave of emotional shock (the news sent shock waves throughout the region).

Shod  past and past part. Of +shoe.

Shoddy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 poorly made. 2 counterfeit. ~ shoddily adv. Shoddiness n. [origin unknown]

Shoe  —n. 1 protective foot-covering of leather etc., esp. One not reaching above the ankle. 2 protective metal rim for a horse's hoof. 3 thing like a shoe in shape or use. 4 = +brake shoe. —v. (shoes, shoeing; past and past part. Shod) 1 fit (esp. A horse etc.) With a shoe or shoes. 2 (as shod adj.) (in comb.) Having shoes etc. Of a specified kind (roughshod). ~ be in a person's shoes be in his or her situation, difficulty, etc. [old english]

Shoehorn  n. Curved implement for easing the heel into a shoe.

Shoelace  n. Cord for lacing up shoes.

Shoemaker  n. Maker of boots and shoes. ~ shoemaking n.

Shoestring  n. 1 shoelace. 2 colloq. Small esp. Inadequate amount of money.

Shoe-tree  n. Shaped block for keeping a shoe in shape.

Shone  past and past part. Of +shine.

Shoo  —int. Exclamation used to frighten away animals etc. —v. (shoos, shooed) 1 utter the word ‘shoo!’. 2 (usu. Foll. By away) drive away by shooing. [imitative]

Shook  past of +shake.

Shoot  —v. (past and past part. Shot) 1  a (also absol.) Cause (a weapon) to fire. B kill or wound with a bullet, arrow, etc. 2 send out, discharge, etc., esp. Swiftly. 3 (often foll. By out, along, forth, etc.) Come or go swiftly or vigorously. 4  a (of a plant etc.) Put forth buds etc. B (of a bud etc.) Appear. 5 hunt game etc. With a gun. 6  film or photograph. 7 (also absol.) Esp. Football a score (a goal). B take a shot at (the goal). 8  (of a boat) sweep swiftly down or under (a bridge, rapids, etc.). 9 (usu. Foll. By through, up, etc.) (of a pain) seem to stab. 10 (often foll. By up; also absol.) Slang inject (a drug). —n. 1 a young branch or sucker. B new growth of a plant. 2  a hunting party, expedition, etc. B land shot over for game. 3 = +chute1. —int. Colloq. Invitation to ask questions etc. ~ shoot down 1 kill by shooting. 2 cause (an aircraft etc.) To crash by shooting. 3 argue effectively against. Shoot one's bolt colloq. Do all that is in one's power. Shoot one's mouth off slang talk too much or indiscreetly. Shoot up 1 grow rapidly. 2 rise suddenly. 3 terrorize by indiscriminate shooting. The whole shoot (or the whole shooting match) colloq. Everything. [old english]

Shooting-brake  n. Archaic estate car.

Shooting star  n. Small rapidly moving meteor.

Shooting-stick  n. Walking-stick with a foldable seat.

Shop  —n. 1 place for the retail sale of goods or services. 2 act of going shopping (did a big shop). 3 place for manufacture or repair (engineering-shop). 4 one's profession etc. As a subject of conversation (talk shop). 5 colloq.

Shop assistant  n. Person serving in a shop.

Shop-floor  n. 1 production area in a factory etc. 2 workers as distinct from management.

Shopkeeper  n. Owner or manager of a shop.

Shoplift  v. Steal goods while appearing to shop. ~ shoplifter n.

Shopping  n. 1 (often attrib.) Purchase of goods etc. 2 goods purchased.

Shopping centre  n. Area or complex of shops.

Shop-soiled  adj. Soiled or faded by display in a shop.

Shop steward  n. Elected representative of workers in a factory etc.

Shopwalker  n. Supervisor in a large shop.

Shore1  n. 1 land adjoining the sea, a lake etc. 2 (usu. In pl.) Country (foreign shores). ~ on shore ashore. [low german or dutch]

Shore2  —n. Prop or beam set against a ship, wall, etc., as a support. —v. (-ring) (often foll. By up) support (as if) with a shore or shores; hold up. [low german or dutch]

Shoreline  n. Line where shore and water meet.

Shorn  past part. Of +shear.

Short  —adj. 1 a measuring little from head to foot, top to bottom, or end to end; not long. B not long in duration. C seeming short (a few short years of happiness). 2 a (usu. Foll. By of, on) deficient; scanty (short of spoons). B not far-reaching; acting or being near at hand (short range). 3 a concise; brief. B curt; uncivil. 4 (of the memory) unable to remember distant events. 5  (of a vowel or syllable) having the lesser of the two recognized durations. 6 (of pastry) easily crumbled. 7 (of stocks etc.) Sold or selling when the amount is not in hand, with reliance on getting the deficit at a lower price in time for delivery. 8 (of a drink of spirits) undiluted. 9 (of odds or a chance) nearly even. —adv. 1 before the natural or expected time or place; abruptly. 2 rudely. —n. 1 short circuit. 2 colloq. Short drink. 3 short film.  —v. Short-circuit. ~ be caught (or taken) short 1 be put at a disadvantage. 2 colloq. Urgently need to use the lavatory. Be short for be an abbreviation for. Come short of = fall short of. For short as a short name (tom for short). In short briefly. Short of 1 see sense 2a of adj. 2 less than (nothing short of a miracle). 3 distant from (two miles short of home). 4 without going so far as (did everything short of resigning). Short on colloq. See sense 2a of adj. ~ shortish adj. Shortness n. [old english]

Shortage  n. (often foll. By of) deficiency; lack.

Short back and sides  n. Short simple haircut.

Shortbread  n. Rich biscuit of butter, flour, and sugar.

Shortcake  n. 1 = +shortbread. 2 cake of short pastry filled with fruit and cream.

Short-change  v. Cheat, esp. By giving insufficient change.

Short circuit  —n. Electric circuit through small resistance, esp. Instead of the resistance of a normal circuit. —v. (short-circuit) 1 cause a short circuit (in). 2 shorten or avoid by taking a more direct route etc.

Shortcoming  n. Deficiency; defect.

Shortcrust  n. (in full shortcrust pastry) a type of crumbly pastry.

Short cut  n. 1 route shorter than the usual one. 2 quick method.

Shorten  v. Become or make shorter or short.

Shortening  n. Fat for pastry.

Shortfall  n. Deficit.

Shorthand  n. 1 (often attrib.) System of rapid writing using special symbols. 2 abbreviated or symbolic mode of expression.

Short-handed  adj. Understaffed.

Shorthand typist  n. Typist qualified in shorthand.

Shorthorn  n. Animal of a breed of cattle with short horns.

Shortie  var. Of +shorty.

Short list  —n. List of selected candidates from which a final choice is made. —v. (short-list) put on a short list.

Short-lived  adj. Ephemeral.

Shortly  adv. 1 (often foll. By before, after) soon. 2 in a few words; curtly. [old english]

Short-range  adj. 1 having a short range. 2 relating to the immediate future.

Shorts  n.pl. 1 trousers reaching to the knees or higher. 2 us underpants.

Short shrift  n. Curt or dismissive treatment. [old english shrift confession: related to +shrive]

Short sight  n. Inability to focus on distant objects.

Short-sighted  adj. 1 having short sight. 2 lacking imagination or foresight. ~ short-sightedly adv. Short-sightedness n.

Short-staffed  adj. Understaffed.

Short temper  n. Temper easily lost. ~ short-tempered adj.

Short-term  adj. Of or for a short period of time.

Short wave  n. Radio wave of frequency greater than 3 mhz.

Short weight  n. Weight less than it is alleged to be.

Short-winded  adj. Easily becoming breathless.

Shorty  n. (also shortie) (pl. -ies) colloq. Person or garment shorter than average.

Shot1  n. 1 firing of a gun, cannon, etc. (heard a shot). 2 attempt to hit by shooting or throwing etc. 3 a single non-explosive missile for a gun etc. B (pl. Same or -s) small lead pellet used in quantity in a single charge. C (as pl.) These collectively. 4 a photograph. B continuous film sequence. 5 a stroke or a kick in a ball game. B colloq. Attempt, guess (had a shot at it). 6 colloq. Person of specified shooting skill (a good shot). 7 ball thrown by a shot-putter. 8 launch of a space rocket. 9 range etc. To or at which a thing will carry or act. 10 colloq. A drink of esp. Spirits. B injection of a drug etc. ~ like a shot colloq. Without hesitation; willingly. [old english]

Shot2  past and past part. Of +shoot. —adj. (of coloured material) woven so as to show different colours at different angles. ~ shot through (usu. Foll. By with) permeated or suffused.

Shotgun  n. Gun for firing small shot at short range.

Shotgun wedding  n. Colloq. Wedding enforced because of the bride's pregnancy.

Shot in the arm  n. Colloq. Stimulus or encouragement.

Shot in the dark  n. Mere guess.

Shot-put  n. Athletic contest in which a shot is thrown. ~ shot-putter n.

Should  v.aux. (3rd sing. Should) past of +shall, used esp.: 1 in reported speech (i said i should be home soon). 2 a to express obligation or likelihood (i should tell you; you should have read it; they should have arrived by now). B to express a tentative suggestion (i should like to add). 3 a expressing the conditional mood in the 1st person (i should have been killed if i had gone). B forming a conditional clause (if you should see him).

Shoulder  —n. 1 part of the body at which the arm, foreleg, or wing is attached. 2 either of the two projections below the neck. 3 upper foreleg of an animal as meat. 4 (often in pl.) Shoulder regarded as supportive, comforting, etc. (a shoulder to cry on; has broad shoulders). 5 strip of land next to a road. 6 the part of a garment covering the shoulder. —v. 1 a push with the shoulder. B make one's way thus. 2 take on (a burden etc.). ~ put one's shoulder to the wheel make a great effort. Shoulder arms hold a rifle with the barrel against the shoulder and the butt in the hand. Shoulder to shoulder 1 side by side. 2 with united effort. [old english]

Shoulder bag  n. Bag hung from the shoulder by a strap.

Shoulder-blade  n.  Either of the large flat bones of the upper back.

Shoulder-length  adj. (of hair etc.) Reaching to the shoulders.

Shoulder-pad  n. Pad in a garment to bulk out the shoulder.

Shoulder-strap  n. 1 strip of cloth going over the shoulder from front to back of a garment. 2 strap suspending a bag etc. From the shoulder. 3 strip of cloth from shoulder to collar, esp. On a military uniform.

Shouldn't  contr. Should not.

Shout  —v. 1 speak or cry loudly. 2 say or express loudly. —n. 1 loud cry of joy etc., or calling attention. 2 colloq. One's turn to buy a round of drinks etc. ~ shout down reduce to silence by shouting. [perhaps related to +shoot]

Shove  —v. (-ving) 1 (also absol.) Push vigorously. 2 colloq. Put casually (shoved it in a drawer). —n. Act of shoving. ~ shove off 1 start from the shore in a boat. 2 slang depart. [old english]

Shove-halfpenny  n. Form of shovelboard played with coins etc. On a table.

Shovel  —n. 1 spadelike tool with raised sides, for shifting coal etc. 2 (part of) a machine with a similar form or function. —v. (-ll-; us -l-) 1 move (as if) with a shovel. 2 colloq. Move in large quantities or roughly (shovelled peas into his mouth). ~ shovelful n. (pl. -s). [old english]

Shovelboard  n. Game played esp. On a ship's deck by pushing discs over a marked surface.

Shoveller  n. (also shoveler) duck with a shovel-like beak.

Show  —v. (past part. Shown or showed) 1 be, allow, or cause to be, visible; manifest (buds are beginning to show; white shows the dirt). 2 (often foll. By to) offer for scrutiny etc. (show your tickets please). 3 a indicate (one's feelings) (showed his anger). B accord, grant (favour, mercy, etc.). 4 (of feelings etc.) Be manifest (his dislike shows). 5 a demonstrate; point out; prove (showed it to be false; showed his competence). B (usu. Foll. By how to + infin.) Instruct by example (showed them how to knit). 6 (refl.) Exhibit oneself (as being) (showed herself to be fair). 7 exhibit in a show. 8 (often foll. By in, out, up, round, etc.) Conduct or lead (showed them to their rooms). 9 colloq. = show up 3 (he didn't show). —n. 1 showing. 2 spectacle, display, exhibition, etc. 3 public entertainment or performance. 4 a outward appearance or display. B empty appearance; mere display. 5 colloq. Undertaking, business, etc. 6 med. Discharge of blood etc. At the onset of childbirth. ~ good (or bad or poor) show! Colloq. That was well (or badly) done. On show being exhibited. Show one's hand disclose one's plans. Show off 1 display to advantage. 2 colloq. Act pretentiously. Show up 1 make or be conspicuous or clearly visible. 2 expose or humiliate. 3 colloq. Appear; arrive. Show willing show a willingness to help etc. [old english]

Showbiz  n. Colloq. = +show business.

Show business  n. Colloq. Theatrical profession.

Showcase  —n. 1 glass case for exhibiting goods etc. 2 event etc. Designed to exhibit someone or something to advantage. —v. (-sing) display in or as if in a showcase.

Showdown  n. Final test or confrontation.

Shower  —n. 1 brief fall of rain, snow, etc. 2 a brisk flurry of bullets, dust, etc. B sudden copious arrival of gifts, honours, etc. 3 (in full shower-bath) a cubicle, bath, etc. In which one stands under a spray of water. B apparatus etc. Used for this. C act of bathing in a shower. 4 us party for giving presents to a prospective bride etc. 5 slang contemptible person or group. —v. 1 discharge (water, missiles, etc.) In a shower. 2 take a shower. 3 (usu. Foll. By on, upon) lavishly bestow (gifts etc.). 4 descend in a shower. ~ showery adj. [old english]

Showerproof  adj. Resistant to light rain.

Showgirl  n. Female singer and dancer in musicals, variety shows, etc.

Show house  n. (also show flat) furnished and decorated new house etc., on show to prospective buyers.

Showing  n. 1 display, performance. 2 quality of performance. 3 presentation of a case; evidence.

Showjumping  n. Sport of riding horses competitively over a course of fences etc. ~ showjumper n.

Showman  n. 1 proprietor or manager of a circus etc. 2 person skilled in publicity, esp. Self-advertisement. ~ showmanship n.

Shown  past part. Of +show.

Show-off  n. Colloq. Person who shows off.

Show of hands  n. Raised hands indicating a vote for or against.

Show-piece  n. 1 item presented for display. 2 outstanding specimen.

Show-place  n. Tourist attraction.

Showroom  n. Room used to display goods for sale.

Show-stopper  n. Colloq. Act in a show receiving prolonged applause.

Show trial  n. Judicial trial designed to frighten or impress the public.

Showy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 brilliant; gaudy. 2 striking. ~ showily adv. Showiness n.

Shrank  past of +shrink.

Shrapnel  n. 1 fragments of an exploded bomb etc. 2 shell containing pieces of metal etc., timed to burst short of impact. [shrapnel, name of the inventor of the shell]

Shred  —n. 1 scrap or fragment. 2 least amount (not a shred of evidence). —v. (-dd-) tear or cut into shreds. ~ shredder n. [old english]

Shrew  n. 1 small mouselike long-nosed mammal. 2 bad-tempered or scolding woman. ~ shrewish adj. (in sense 2). [old english]

Shrewd  adj. Astute; clever and judicious. ~ shrewdly adv. Shrewdness n. [perhaps from obsolete shrew to curse, from +shrew]

Shriek  —n. Shrill scream or sound. —v. Make or utter in a shriek. [old norse]

Shrike  n. Bird with a strong hooked and toothed bill. [old english]

Shrill  —adj. 1 piercing and high-pitched in sound. 2 derog. Sharp, unrestrained. —v. Utter with or make a shrill sound. ~ shrillness n. Shrilly adv. [origin uncertain]

Shrimp  —n. 1 (pl. Same or -s) small edible crustacean, turning pink when boiled. 2 colloq. Very small person. —v. Try to catch shrimps. [origin uncertain]

Shrine  n. 1 esp. Rc ch. A place for special worship or devotion. B tomb or reliquary. 2 place hallowed by some memory or association. [latin scrinium bookcase]

Shrink  —v. (past shrank; past part. Shrunk or (esp. As adj.) Shrunken) 1 make or become smaller, esp. From moisture, heat, or cold. 2 (usu. Foll. By from) recoil; flinch. —n. 1 act of shrinking. 2 slang psychiatrist. [old english]

Shrinkage  n. 1 process or degree of shrinking. 2 allowance made by a shop etc. For loss by wastage, theft, etc.

Shrink-wrap  v. Enclose (an article) in film that shrinks tightly on to it.

Shrive  v. (-ving; past shrove; past part. Shriven) rc ch. Archaic 1 (of a priest) hear and absolve (a penitent). 2 (refl.) Submit oneself to a priest for confession etc. [old english scrifan impose as penance]

Shrivel  v. (-ll-; us -l-) contract into a wrinkled or dried-up state. [perhaps from old norse]

Shroud  —n. 1 wrapping for a corpse. 2 thing that conceals. 3 (in pl.) Ropes supporting a mast. —v. 1 clothe (a body) for burial. 2 cover or conceal. [old english, = garment]

Shrove  past of +shrive.

Shrovetide  n. Shrove tuesday and the two days preceding it.

Shrove tuesday  n. Day before ash wednesday.

Shrub  n. Any woody plant smaller than a tree and with branches near the ground. ~ shrubby adj. [old english]

Shrubbery  n. (pl. -ies) area planted with shrubs.

Shrug  —v. (-gg-) (often absol.) Slightly and momentarily raise (the shoulders) to express indifference, doubt, etc. —n. Act of shrugging. ~ shrug off dismiss as unimportant. [origin unknown]

Shrunk  (also shrunken) past part. Of +shrink.

Shudder  —v. 1 shiver, esp. Convulsively, from fear, cold, etc. 2 feel strong repugnance, fear, etc. (shudder at the thought). 3 vibrate. —n. 1 act of shuddering. 2 (in pl.; prec. By the) colloq. State of shuddering. [low german or dutch]

Shuffle  —v. (-ling) 1 (also absol.) Drag (the feet) in walking etc. 2 (also absol.) Rearrange or intermingle (esp. Cards or papers). 3 a prevaricate, be evasive. B keep shifting one's position. —n. 1 act of shuffling; shuffling walk or movement. 2 change of relative positions. 3 shuffling dance. ~ shuffle off remove, get rid of. [low german]

Shufti  n. (pl. -s) colloq. Look, glimpse. [arabic saffa try to see]

Shun  v. (-nn-) avoid; keep clear of. [old english]

Shunt  —v. 1 move (a train) between sidings etc.; (of a train) be shunted. 2 move or put aside; redirect. —n. 1 shunting or being shunted. 2 electr. Conductor joining two points of a circuit, through which current may be diverted. 3 surgery alternative path for the circulation of the blood. 4 slang collision of vehicles, esp. One behind another. [perhaps from +shun]

Shush  —int. Hush! —v. 1 quieten (a person or people) by saying “shush”. 2 fall silent. [imitative]

Shut  v. (-tt-; past and past part. Shut) 1 a move (a door, window, lid, etc.) Into position to block an opening. B close or seal (a room, box, eye, etc.) By moving a door etc. 2 become or be capable of being closed or sealed. 3 become or make closed for trade. 4 fold or contract (a book, telescope, etc.). 5 (usu. Foll. By in, out) keep in or out of a room etc. 6 (usu. Foll. By in) catch (a finger, dress, etc.) By shutting something on it. 7 bar access to. ~ be (or get) shut of slang be (or get) rid of. Shut down 1 stop (a factory etc.) From operating. 2 (of a factory etc.) Stop operating. Shut off 1 stop the flow of (water, gas, etc.). 2 separate from society etc. Shut out 1 exclude. 2 screen from view. 3 prevent. 4 block from the mind. Shut up 1 close all doors and windows of. 2 imprison. 3 put (a thing) away in a box etc. 4 (esp. In imper.) Colloq. Stop talking. Shut up shop close a business, shop, etc., temporarily or permanently. [old english]

Shut-down  n. Closure of a factory etc.

Shut-eye  n. Colloq. Sleep.

Shutter  —n. 1 movable hinged cover for a window. 2 device that exposes the film in a camera. —v. Provide with shutters.

Shuttle  —n. 1 a (in a loom) instrument pulling the weft-thread between the warp-threads. B (in a sewing-machine) bobbin carrying the lower thread. 2 train, bus, etc. Used in a shuttle service. 3 = +space shuttle. —v. (-ling) (cause to) move to and fro like a shuttle. [old english: related to +shoot]

Shuttlecock  n. Cork with a ring of feathers, or a similar plastic device, struck to and fro in badminton.

Shuttle diplomacy  n. Negotiations conducted by a mediator travelling between disputing parties.

Shuttle service  n. Transport service operating to and fro over a short route.

Shy1  —adj. (shyer, shyest or shier, shiest) 1 a timid and nervous in company; self-conscious. B (of animals etc.) Easily startled. 2 (in comb.) Disliking or fearing (work-shy). —v. (shies, shied) 1 (usu. Foll. By at) (esp. Of a horse) turn suddenly aside in fright. 2 (usu. Foll. By away from, at) avoid involvement in. —n. Sudden startled movement. ~ shyly adv. (also shily). Shyness n. [old english]

Shy2  —v. (shies, shied) (also absol.) Fling, throw. —n. (pl. Shies) fling, throw. [origin unknown]

Shylock  n. Hard-hearted money-lender. [name of a character in a play by shakespeare]

Shyster  n. Esp. Us colloq. Unscrupulous or unprofessional person. [origin uncertain]

Si  abbr. The international system of units of measurement. [french système international]

Si  symb. Silicon.

Si  n. = +te. [french from italian]

Siamese  —n. (pl. Same) 1 native or language of siam (now thailand) in asia. 2 (in full siamese cat) cat of a cream-coloured short-haired breed with dark markings and blue eyes. —adj. Of siam, its people, or language.

Siamese twins  n.pl. 1 twins joined at some part of the body. 2 any closely associated pair.

Sibilant  —adj. 1 sounded with a hiss. 2 hissing. —n. Sibilant letter or sound. ~ sibilance n. Sibilancy n. [latin]

Sibling  n. Each of two or more children having one or both parents in common. [old english, = akin]

Sibyl  n. Pagan prophetess. [greek sibulla]

Sibylline  adj. 1 of or from a sibyl. 2 oracular; prophetic. [latin: related to +sibyl]

Sic  adv. (usu. In brackets) used, spelt, etc., as written (confirming, or emphasizing, the quoted or copied words). [latin, = so]

Sick  —adj. 1 esp. Us unwell, ill. 2 vomiting or likely to vomit. 3 (often foll. By of) colloq. A disgusted; surfeited. B angry, esp. Because of surfeit. 4 colloq. (of a joke etc.) Cruel, morbid, perverted, offensive. 5 a mentally disordered. B (esp. In comb.) Pining (lovesick). —n. Colloq. Vomit. —v. (usu. Foll. By up) colloq. Vomit. ~ take (or fall) sick colloq. Be taken ill. [old english]

Sickbay  n. Room, cabin, etc. For those who are sick.

Sickbed  n. Invalid's bed.

Sicken  v. 1 affect with disgust etc. 2 a (often foll. By for) show symptoms of illness. B (often foll. By at, or to + infin.) Feel nausea or disgust. 3 (as sickening adj.) A disgusting. B colloq. Very annoying. ~ sickeningly adv.

Sickle  n. Short-handled tool with a semicircular blade, used for reaping etc. [old english]

Sick-leave  n. Leave granted because of illness.

Sickle-cell  n. Sickle-shaped blood cell, esp. As found in a type of severe hereditary anaemia.

Sickly  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 a weak; apt to be ill. B languid, faint, or pale. 2 causing ill health. 3 sentimental or mawkish. 4 of or inducing nausea. [related to +sick]

Sickness  n. 1 being ill; disease. 2 vomiting or a tendency to vomit.

Sick-pay  n. Pay given during sick-leave.

Side  —n. 1 a each of the surfaces bounding an object. B vertical inner or outer surface. C such a surface as distinct from the top or bottom, front or back. 2 a right or left part of a person or animal, esp. Of the torso. B left or right half or a specified part of a thing. C (often in comb.) Adjoining position (seaside; stood at my side). D direction (from all sides). 3 a either surface of a thing regarded as having two surfaces. B writing filling one side of a sheet of paper. 4 aspect of a question, character, etc. (look on the bright side). 5 a each of two competing groups in war, politics, games, etc. B cause etc. Regarded as being in conflict with another. 6 a part or region near the edge. B (attrib.) Subordinate, peripheral, or detached part (side-road; side-table). 7 colloq. Television channel. 8 each of the bounding lines of a plane rectilinear figure. 9 position nearer or farther than, or right or left of, a given dividing line. 10 line of descent through one parent. 11 (in full side spin) spin given to a billiard-ball etc. By hitting it on one side. 12 slang cheek; pretensions (has no side about him). —v. (-ding) (usu. Foll. By with) take part or be on the same side. ~ by the side of 1 close to. 2 compared with. Let the side down embarrass or fail one's colleagues. On one side 1 not in the main or central position. 2 aside. On the … side somewhat (on the high side). On the side 1 as a sideline. 2 illicitly. 3 us as a side dish. Side by side standing close together, esp. For mutual support. Take sides support one or other cause etc. [old english]

Sideboard  n. Table or esp. A flat-topped cupboard for dishes, table linen, etc.

Sideboards  n.pl. Colloq. Hair grown by a man down the sides of his face.

Sideburns  n.pl. = +sideboards. [earlier burnsides, after general burnside (d. 1881)]

Side-car  n. Passenger compartment attached to the side of a motor cycle.

Sided  adj. 1 having sides. 2 (in comb.) Having a specified number or type of sides.

Side-door  n. 1 door at the side of a building. 2 indirect means of access.

Side-drum  n. Small double-headed drum.

Side-effect  n. Secondary (usu. Undesirable) effect.

Sidekick  n. Colloq. Friend, associate; henchman.

Sidelight  n. 1 light from the side. 2 small light at the side of the front of a vehicle. 3 naut. Light on the side of a moving ship.

Sideline  n. 1 work etc. Done in addition to one's main activity. 2 (usu. In pl.) A line bounding the side of a hockey-pitch etc. B space next to these where spectators etc. Sit. ~ on the sidelines not directly concerned.

Sidelong  —adj. (esp. Of a glance) oblique. —adv. Obliquely.

Sidereal  adj. Of the constellations or fixed stars. [latin sidus sider- star]

Sidereal day  n. Time between successive meridional transits of a star etc.

Side-road  n. Minor road, esp. Branching from a main road.

Side-saddle  —n. Saddle for a woman riding with both legs on the same side of the horse. —adv. Riding in this position.

Sideshow  n. 1 small show or stall in an exhibition, fair, etc. 2 minor incident or issue.

Sidesman  n. Assistant churchwarden who takes the collection etc.

Side-splitting  adj. Causing violent laughter.

Sidestep  —n. Step to the side. —v. (-pp-) 1 avoid by stepping sideways. 2 evade.

Side-swipe  —n. 1 glancing blow on or from the side. 2 incidental criticism etc. —v. Hit (as if) with a side-swipe.

Sidetrack  v. Divert or diverge from the main course or issue.

Sidewalk  n. Us pavement.

Sideways  —adv. 1 to or from a side. 2 with one side facing forward. —adj. To or from a side.

Side-whiskers  n.pl. Whiskers on the cheeks.

Side wind  n. Wind from the side.

Siding  n. Short track at the side of a railway line, used for shunting.

Sidle  v. (-ling) (usu. Foll. By along, up) walk timidly or furtively. [shortening of +sidelong]

Sids  abbr. Sudden infant death syndrome; cot-death.

Siege  n. 1 surrounding and blockading of a town, castle, etc. 2 similar operation by police etc. To force an armed person out of a building. ~ lay siege to conduct the siege of. Raise the siege of abandon, or cause the abandonment of, an attempted siege of. [french sege seat]

Siemens  n. Si unit of conductance, equal to one reciprocal ohm. [von siemens, name of an engineer]

Sienna  n. 1 a kind of earth used as a pigment. 2 its colour of yellowish-brown (raw sienna) or reddish-brown (burnt sienna). [siena in tuscany]

Sierra  n. Long jagged mountain chain, esp. In spain or spanish america. [spanish from latin serra saw]

Siesta  n. Afternoon sleep or rest, esp. In hot countries. [spanish from latin sexta (hora) sixth hour]

Sieve  —n. Perforated or meshed utensil for separating solids or coarse material from liquids or fine particles, or for pulping. —v. (-ving) sift. [old english]

Sift  v. 1 put through a sieve. 2 (usu. Foll. By from, out) separate (finer or coarser parts) from material. 3 sprinkle (esp. Sugar) from a perforated container. 4 examine (evidence, facts, etc.). 5 (of snow, light, etc.) Fall as if from a sieve. [old english]

Sigh  —v. 1 emit an audible breath in sadness, weariness, relief, etc. 2 (foll. By for) yearn for. 3 express with sighs. 4 make a sighing sound. —n. 1 act of sighing. 2 sound made in sighing. [old english]

Sight  —n. 1 a faculty of seeing. B act of seeing or being seen. 2 thing seen. 3 opinion (in my sight). 4 range of vision (out of sight). 5 (usu. In pl.) Noteworthy features of a town etc. 6 a device on a gun, telescope, etc., for assisting aim or observation. B aim or observation so gained. 7 colloq. Unsightly person or thing (looked a sight). 8 colloq. Great deal (a sight too clever). —v. 1 get sight of, observe the presence of (they sighted land). 2 aim (a gun etc.) With a sight. ~ at first sight on first glimpse or impression. At (or on) sight as soon as a person or a thing has been seen. Catch (or lose) sight of begin (or cease) to see or be aware of. In sight 1 visible. 2 near at hand. Set one's sights on aim at. [old english: related to +see1]

Sighted  adj. 1 not blind. 2 (in comb.) Having specified vision (long-sighted).

Sight for sore eyes  n. Colloq. Welcome person or thing.

Sightless  adj. Blind.

Sightly  adj. Attractive to look at.

Sight-read  v. Read (music) at sight.

Sight-screen  n. Cricket large white screen placed near the boundary in line with the wicket to help the batsman see the ball.

Sightseer  n. Person visiting the sights of a place. ~ sightseeing n.

Sight unseen  adv. Without previous inspection.

Sigma  n. Eighteenth letter of the greek alphabet (s, s, or, when final, v). [latin from greek]

Sign  —n. 1 thing indicating a quality, state, future event, etc. (sign of weakness). 2 mark, symbol, etc. 3 gesture or action conveying an order etc. 4 signboard; signpost. 5 each of the twelve divisions of the zodiac. —v. 1 a (also absol.) Write (one's name) on a document etc. As authorization. B sign (a document) as authorization. 2 communicate by gesture (signed to me to come). 3 engage or be engaged by signing a contract etc. (see also sign on, sign up). ~ sign away relinquish (property etc.) By signing. Sign in 1 sign a register on arrival. 2 get (a person) admitted by signing a register. Sign off 1 end work, broadcasting, etc. 2 withdraw one's claim to unemployment benefit after finding work. Sign on 1 agree to a contract etc. 2 employ (a person). 3 register as unemployed. Sign out sign a register on departing. Sign up 1 engage (a person). 2 enlist in the armed forces. 3 enrol. [latin signum]

Signal1  —n. 1 a sign (usu. Prearranged) conveying information etc. B message of such signs. 2 immediate cause of action etc. (her death was a signal for hope). 3 a electrical impulse or impulses or radio waves transmitted as a signal. B sequence of these. 4 device on a railway giving instructions or warnings to train-drivers etc. —v. (-ll-; us -l-) 1 make signals. 2 a (often foll. By to + infin.) Make signals to; direct. B transmit or express by signal; announce. ~ signaller n. [latin: signum sign]

Signal2  attrib. Adj. Remarkable, noteworthy. ~ signally adv. [french signalé: related to +signal1]

Signal-box  n. Building beside a railway track from which signals are controlled.

Signalize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 make noteworthy or remarkable. 2 indicate.

Signalman  n. Railway signal operator.

Signatory  —n. (pl. -ies) party that has signed an agreement, esp. A treaty. —adj. Having signed such an agreement etc. [latin: related to +sign]

Signature  n. 1 a person's name, initials, etc. Used in signing. B act of signing. 2 mus. A = +key signature. B = +time signature. 3 printing section of a book made from one sheet folded and cut. [medieval latin: related to +signatory]

Signature tune  n. Tune used regularly to introduce a particular broadcast or performer.

Signboard  n. Board displaying a name or symbol etc. Outside a shop or hotel etc.

Signet  n. Small seal. [french or medieval latin: related to +sign]

Signet-ring  n. Ring with a seal set in it.

Significance  n. 1 importance. 2 meaning. 3 being significant. 4 extent to which a result deviates from a hypothesis such that the difference is due to more than errors in sampling. [latin: related to +signify]

Significant  adj. 1 having a meaning; indicative. 2 noteworthy; important. ~ significantly adv. [latin: related to +signify]

Significant figure  n. Digit conveying information about a number containing it.

Signify  v. (-ies, -ied) 1 be a sign or indication of. 2 mean; symbolize. 3 make known. 4 be of importance; matter. ~ signification n. [latin: related to +sign]

Sign language  n. System of communication by gestures, used esp. By the deaf.

Sign of the cross  n. Christian sign made by tracing a cross with the hand.

Signor  n. (pl. -nori) title used of or to an italian-speaking man. [latin senior +senior]

Signora  n. Title used of or to an italian-speaking esp. Married woman.

Signorina  n. Title used of or to an italian-speaking esp. Unmarried woman.

Signpost  —n. 1 post on a road etc. Indicating direction etc. 2 indication, guide. —v. Provide with a signpost or signposts.

Signwriter  n. Person who paints signboards etc.

Sikh  n. Member of an indian monotheistic sect. [hindi, = disciple]

Silage  n. 1 green fodder stored in a silo. 2 storage in a silo. [alteration of +ensilage after silo]

Silence  —n. 1 absence of sound. 2 abstinence from speech or noise. 3 avoidance of mentioning a thing, betraying a secret, etc. —v. (-cing) make silent, esp. By force or superior argument. ~ in silence without speech or other sound. [latin: related to +silent]

Silencer  n. Device for reducing the noise of a vehicle's exhaust, a gun, etc.

Silent  adj. Not speaking; not making or accompanied by any sound. ~ silently adv. [latin sileo be silent]

Silent majority  n. The mass of allegedly moderate people who rarely express an opinion.

Silhouette  —n. 1 picture showing the outline only, usu. In black on white or cut from paper. 2 dark shadow or outline against a lighter background. —v. (-ting) represent or (usu. In passive) show in silhouette. [silhouette, name of a politician]

Silica  n. Silicon dioxide, occurring as quartz etc. And as a main constituent of sandstone and other rocks. ~ siliceous adj. [latin silex -lic- flint]

Silica gel  n. Hydrated silica in a hard granular form used as a drying agent.

Silicate  n. Compound of a metal with silicon and oxygen.

Silicon  n. Chem. Non-metallic element occurring widely in silica and silicates.

Silicon chip  n. Silicon microchip.

Silicone  n. Any organic compound of silicon, with high resistance to cold, heat, water, etc.

Silicosis  n. Lung fibrosis caused by inhaling dust containing silica.

Silk  n. 1 fine soft lustrous fibre produced by silkworms. 2 (often attrib.) Thread or cloth from this. 3 (in pl.) Cloth or garments of silk, esp. As worn by a jockey. 4 colloq. Queen's (or king's) counsel, as having the right to wear a silk gown. 5 fine soft thread (embroidery silk). ~ take silk become a queen's (or king's) counsel. [old english sioloc]

Silken  adj. 1 made of silk. 2 soft or lustrous.

Silk-screen printing  n. = +screen printing.

Silkworm  n. Caterpillar that spins a cocoon of silk.

Silky  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 soft and smooth like silk. 2 suave. ~ silkily adv. Silkiness n.

Sill  n. Slab of stone, wood, or metal at the foot of a window or doorway. [old english]

Sillabub  var. Of +syllabub.

Silly  —adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 foolish, imprudent. 2 weak-minded. 3 cricket (of a fielder or position) very close to the batsman. —n. (pl. -ies) colloq. Foolish person. ~ sillily adv. Silliness n. [old english, = happy]

Silo  n. (pl. -s) 1 pit or airtight barn etc. In which green crops are kept for fodder. 2 pit or tower for storing grain, cement, etc. 3 underground storage chamber for a guided missile. [spanish from latin]

Silt  —n. Sediment in a channel, harbour, etc. —v. (often foll. By up) choke or be choked with silt. [perhaps scandinavian]

Silurian  geol. —adj. Of the third period of the palaeozoic era. —n. This period. [silures, people of ancient wales]

Silvan  var. Of +sylvan.

Silver  —n. 1 greyish-white lustrous precious metallic element. 2 colour of this. 3 silver or cupro-nickel coins. 4 household cutlery. 5 = +silver medal. —adj. Of or coloured like silver. —v. 1 coat or plate with silver. 2 provide (a mirror-glass) with a backing of tin amalgam etc. 3 make silvery. 4 turn grey or white. [old english]

Silver band  n. Band playing silver-plated instruments.

Silver birch  n. Common birch with silver-coloured bark.

Silverfish  n. (pl. Same or -es) 1 small silvery wingless insect. 2 silver-coloured fish.

Silver jubilee  n. 25th anniversary.

Silver lining  n. Consolation or hope in misfortune.

Silver medal  n. Medal of silver, usu. Awarded as second prize.

Silver paper  n. Aluminium foil.

Silver plate  n. Vessels, cutlery, etc., plated with silver. ~ silver-plated adj.

Silver sand  n. Fine pure sand used in gardening.

Silver screen  n. (usu. Prec. By the) cinema films collectively.

Silverside  n. Upper side of a round of beef.

Silversmith  n. Worker in silver.

Silver tongue  n. Eloquence.

Silverware  n. Articles of or plated with silver.

Silver wedding  n. 25th anniversary of a wedding.

Silvery  adj. 1 like silver in colour or appearance. 2 having a clear gentle ringing sound.

Silviculture  n. (also sylviculture) cultivation of forest trees. [latin silva a wood: related to +culture]

Simian  —adj. 1 of the anthropoid apes. 2 like an ape or monkey. —n. Ape or monkey. [latin simia ape]

Similar  adj. 1 like, alike. 2 (often foll. By to) having a resemblance. 3 geom. Shaped alike. ~ similarity n. (pl. -ies). Similarly adv. [latin similis like]

Simile  n. 1 esp. Poetical comparison of one thing with another using the words ‘like’ or ‘as’ (e.g. As brave as a lion). 2 use of this. [latin, neuter of similis like]

Similitude  n. 1 guise, appearance. 2 comparison; expression of a comparison. [latin: related to +simile]

Simmer  —v. 1 bubble or boil gently. 2 be in a state of suppressed anger or excitement. —n. Simmering condition. ~ simmer down become less agitated. [perhaps imitative]

Simnel cake  n. Rich fruit cake, usu. With a marzipan layer and decoration, eaten esp. At easter. [latin simila fine flour]

Simony  n. Buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges. [from simon magus (acts 8:18)]

Simoom  n. Hot dry dust-laden desert wind. [arabic]

Simper  —v. 1 smile in a silly or affected way. 2 express by or with simpering. —n. Such a smile. [origin unknown]

Simple  adj. (simpler, simplest) 1 understood or done easily and without difficulty. 2 not complicated or elaborate; plain. 3 not compound or complex. 4 absolute, unqualified, straightforward (the simple truth). 5 foolish; gullible, feeble-minded. ~ simpleness n. [latin simplus]

Simple fracture  n. Fracture of the bone only without a wound.

Simple interest  n. Interest payable on a capital sum only.

Simple-minded  adj. Foolish; feeble-minded. ~ simple-mindedness n.

Simpleton  n. Gullible or halfwitted person.

Simplicity  n. Fact or condition of being simple.

Simplify  v. (-ies, -ied) make simple or simpler. ~ simplification n.

Simplistic  adj. Excessively or affectedly simple. ~ simplistically adv.

Simply  adv. 1 in a simple manner. 2 absolutely (simply astonishing). 3 merely (was simply trying to please).

Simulate  v. (-ting) 1 pretend to be, have, or feel. 2 imitate or counterfeit. 3 reproduce the conditions of (a situation etc.), e.g. For training. 4 produce a computer model of (a process). ~ simulation n. Simulator n. [latin: related to +similar]

Simultaneous  adj. (often foll. By with) occurring or operating at the same time. ~ simultaneity n. Simultaneously adv. [latin simul at the same time]

Sin1  —n. 1 a breaking of divine or moral law, esp. Deliberately. B such an act. 2 offence against good taste or propriety etc. —v. (-nn-) 1 commit a sin. 2 (foll. By against) offend. [old english]

Sin2  abbr. Sine.

Sin bin  n. Colloq. Ice hockey penalty box.

Since  —prep. Throughout or during the period after (has been here since june; happened since yesterday). —conj. 1 during or in the time after (what have you done since we met?). 2 because. —adv. 1 from that time or event until now (has not seen him since). 2 ago (many years since). [old english, = after that]

Sincere  adj. (sincerer, sincerest) 1 free from pretence. 2 genuine, honest, frank. ~ sincerity n. [latin]

Sincerely  adv. In a sincere manner. ~ yours sincerely formula for ending an informal letter.

Sine  n. Ratio of the side opposite a given angle (in a right-angled triangle) to the hypotenuse. [latin +sinus]

Sinecure  n. Profitable or prestigious position requiring little or no work. [latin sine cura without care]

Sine die  adv. Formal indefinitely (postponed sine die). [latin]

Sine qua non  n. Indispensable condition or qualification. [latin, = without which not]

Sinew  n. 1 tough fibrous tissue uniting muscle to bone; a tendon. 2 (in pl.) Muscles; bodily strength. 3 (in pl.) Strength or framework of a thing. ~ sinewy adj. [old english]

Sinful  adj. Committing or involving sin. ~ sinfully adv. Sinfulness n.

Sing  —v. (past sang; past part. Sung) 1 utter musical sounds, esp. Words with a set tune. 2 utter or produce by singing. 3 (of the wind, a kettle, etc.) Hum, buzz, or whistle. 4 (of the ears) hear a humming sound. 5 slang turn informer. 6 (foll. By of) literary celebrate in verse. —n. Act or spell of singing. ~ sing out shout. Sing the praises of praise enthusiastically. ~ singer n. [old english]

Singe  —v. (-geing) 1 burn superficially; scorch. 2 burn off the tips of (hair). —n. Superficial burn. [old english]

Singer-songwriter  n. Person who sings and writes songs.

Singhalese  var. Of +sinhalese.

Single  —adj. 1 one only, not double or multiple. 2 united or undivided. 3 for or done by one person etc. 4 one by itself (a single tree). 5 regarded separately (every single thing). 6 not married. 7 (with neg. Or interrog.) Even one (not a single car). 8 (of a flower) having only one circle of petals. —n. 1 single thing, esp. A single room in a hotel. 2 (in full single ticket) ticket valid for an outward journey only. 3 pop record with one item on each side. 4 cricket hit for one run. 5 (usu. In pl.) Game with one player on each side. 6 (in pl.) Unmarried people. —v. (foll. By out) choose for special attention etc. ~ singly adv. [latin singulus]

Single-breasted  adj. (of a coat etc.) Having only one vertical row of buttons and overlapping little down the front.

Single combat  n. Duel.

Single cream  n. Thin cream with a relatively low fat content.

Single-decker  n. Bus with only one deck.

Single file  —n. Line of people one behind another. —adv. One behind the other.

Single-handed  adv. Without help. ~ single-handedly adv.

Single-minded  adj. Having or intent on only one aim. ~ single-mindedly adv. Single-mindedness n.

Single parent  n. Person bringing up a child or children alone.

Singlet  n. Sleeveless vest. [after doublet]

Singleton  n. 1 one card only of a suit in a player's hand. 2 single person or thing. [after simpleton]

Singsong  —n. Informal singing party. —adj. Monotonously rising and falling. [from +sing, +song]

Singular  —adj. 1 unique; outstanding; extraordinary, strange. 2 gram. (of a word or form) denoting a single person or thing. —n. Gram. 1 singular word or form. 2 the singular number. ~ singularity n. Singularly adv. [latin: related to +single]

Sinh  abbr. Math. Hyperbolic sine. [sine, hyperbolic]

Sinhalese  (also singhalese) —n. (pl. Same) 1 member of a n. Indian people now forming the majority of the population of sri lanka. 2 their language. —adj. Of this people or language. [sanskrit]

Sinister  adj. 1 evil or villainous in appearance or manner. 2 wicked, criminal. 3 ominous. 4 heraldry of or on the left-hand side of a shield etc. (i.e. To the observer's right). [latin, = left]

Sink  —v. (past sank or sunk; past part. Sunk or as adj. Sunken) 1 fall or come slowly downwards. 2 disappear below the horizon. 3 a go or penetrate below the surface esp. Of a liquid. B (of a ship) go to the bottom of the sea etc. 4 settle comfortably. 5 a decline in strength etc. B (of the voice) descend in pitch or volume. 6 cause or allow to sink or penetrate. 7 cause (a plan, person, etc.) To fail. 8 dig (a well) or bore (a shaft).

Sinker  n. Weight used to sink a fishing-line or sounding-line.

Sinking fund  n. Money set aside gradually for the eventual repayment of a debt.

Sinner  n. Person who sins, esp. Habitually.

Sinn fein  n. Political wing of the ira. [irish, = we ourselves]

Sino-  comb. Form chinese; chinese and (sino-american). [greek sinai the chinese]

Sinology  n. The study of the chinese language, chinese history, etc. ~ sinologist n.

Sinuous  adj. Having many curves; undulating. ~ sinuosity n. [latin: related to +sinus]

Sinus  n. Cavity of bone or tissue, esp. In the skull connecting with the nostrils. [latin, = bosom, recess]

Sinusitis  n. Inflammation of a sinus.

Sip  —v. (-pp-) drink in small mouthfuls. —n. 1 small mouthful of liquid. 2 act of taking this. [perhaps var. Of +sup1]

Siphon  —n. 1 tube shaped like an inverted v or u with unequal legs, used to convey liquid from a container to a lower level by atmospheric pressure. 2 bottle from which aerated water is forced by the pressure of gas. —v. (often foll. By off) 1 (cause to) flow through a siphon. 2 divert or set aside (funds etc.). [greek, = pipe]

Sir  n. 1 polite form of address or reference to a man. 2 (sir) title prefixed to the forename of a knight or baronet. [from +sire]

Sire  —n. 1 male parent of an animal, esp. A stallion. 2 archaic form of address to a king. 3 archaic father or male ancestor. —v. (-ring) (esp. Of an animal) beget. [french from latin senior +senior]

Siren  n. 1 a device for making a loud wailing or warning sound. B this sound. 2 (in greek mythology) woman or winged creature whose singing lured unwary sailors on to rocks. 3 (often attrib.) Temptress; seductress. [greek seiren]

Sirenian  n. Any one of an order of large aquatic plant-eating mammals.

Sirloin  n. Upper and choicer part of a loin of beef. [french: related to +sur-1, +loin]

Sirocco  n. (also scirocco) (pl. -s) 1 saharan simoom. 2 warm sultry wind in s. Europe. [arabic sharuk]

Sirup  n. (brit. Syrup) 1 a sweet sauce of sugar dissolved in boiling water. B similar fluid as a drink, medicine, etc. 2 condensed sugar-cane juice; molasses, treacle. 3 excessive sweetness of manner or style. ~ syrupy adj. [arabic sharab]

Sis  n. Colloq. Sister. [abbreviation]

Sisal  n. 1 fibre made from a mexican agave. 2 this plant. [sisal, the port of yucatan]

Siskin  n. Yellowish-green songbird. [dutch]

Sissy  (also cissy) colloq. —n. (pl. -ies) effeminate or cowardly person. —adj. (-ier, -iest) effeminate; cowardly. [from +sis]

Sister  n. 1 woman or girl in relation to her siblings. 2 female fellow member of a trade union, feminist group, etc. 3 senior female nurse. 4 member of a female religious order. 5 (often attrib.) Of the same type, design, or origin etc. (sister ship; prose, the younger sister of verse). ~ sisterly adj. [old english]

Sisterhood  n. 1 relationship between or as between sisters. 2 society of esp. Religious or charitable women. 3 community of feeling between women.

Sister-in-law  n. (pl. Sisters-in-law) 1 sister of one's wife or husband. 2 wife of one's brother.

Sisyphean  adj. (of toil) endless and fruitless like that of sisyphus (who endlessly pushed a stone uphill in hades). [latin from greek]

Sit  v. (-tt-; past and past part. Sat) 1 support the body by resting the buttocks on the ground or a seat etc. 2 cause to sit; place in a sitting position. 3 a (of a bird) perch or warm the eggs in its nest. B (of an animal) rest with the hind legs bent and the buttocks on the ground. 4 (of a committee etc.) Be in session. 5 (usu. Foll. By for) pose (for a portrait). 6 (foll. By for) be a member of parliament for (a constituency). 7 (often foll. By for) take (an examination). 8 be in a more or less permanent position or condition (left sitting in rome; parcel sitting on the doorstep). 9 (of clothes etc.) Fit or hang in a certain way. 10 babysit. ~ be sitting pretty be comfortably placed. Sit at a person's feet be a person's pupil. Sit back relax one's efforts. Sit down 1 sit after standing. 2 cause to sit. 3 (foll. By under) submit tamely to (an insult etc.). Sit in 1 occupy a place as a protest. 2 (foll. By for) take the place of. 3 (foll. By on) be present as a guest or observer at (a meeting etc.). Sit in judgement be censorious or self-righteous. Sit on 1 be a member of (a committee etc.). 2 hold a session or inquiry concerning. 3 colloq. Delay action about. 4 colloq. Repress, rebuke, or snub. Sit on the fence remain neutral or undecided. Sit out 1 take no part in (a dance etc.). 2 stay till the end of (esp. An ordeal). 3 sit outdoors. Sit tight colloq. 1 remain firmly in one's place. 2 not yield. Sit up 1 rise from lying to sitting. 2 sit firmly upright. 3 go to bed late. 4 colloq. Become interested or aroused etc. Sit well on suit or fit. [old english]

Sitar  n. Long-necked indian lute. [hindi]

Sitcom  n. Colloq. Situation comedy. [abbreviation]

Sit-down  —attrib. Adj. 1 (of a meal) eaten sitting at a table. 2 (of a protest etc.) With demonstrators occupying their workplace or sitting down on the ground in a public place. —n. 1 spell of sitting. 2 sit-down protest etc.

Site  —n. 1 ground chosen or used for a town or building. 2 place of or for some activity (camping site). —v. (-ting) locate, place. [latin situs]

Sit-in  n. Protest involving sitting in.

Sitka  n. (in full sitka spruce) fast-growing spruce yielding timber. [sitka in alaska]

Sits vac  abbr. Situations vacant.

Sitter  n. 1 person who sits, esp. For a portrait. 2 = babysitter (see +babysit). 3 colloq. Easy catch or shot.

Sitting  —n. 1 continuous period spent engaged in an activity (finished the book in one sitting). 2 time during which an assembly is engaged in business. 3 session in which a meal is served. —adj. 1 having sat down. 2 (of an animal or bird) still. 3 (of an mp etc.) Current.

Sitting duck  n. (also sitting target) colloq. Easy target.

Sitting-room  n. Room for relaxed sitting in.

Sitting tenant  n. Tenant occupying premises.

Situate  v. (-ting) (usu. In passive) 1 put in a certain position or circumstances. 2 establish or indicate the place of; put in a context. [latin situo: related to +site]

Situation  n. 1 place and its surroundings. 2 circumstances; position; state of affairs. 3 formal paid job. ~ situational adj.

Situation comedy  n. Broadcast comedy based on characters dealing with awkward domestic situations.

Sit-up  n. Physical exercise of sitting up from a supine position without using the arms or hands.

Sit-upon  n. Colloq. Buttocks.

Six  adj. & n. 1 one more than five. 2 symbol for this (6, vi, vi). 3 size etc. Denoted by six. 4 cricket hit scoring six runs. 5 six o'clock. ~ at sixes and sevens in confusion or disagreement. Knock (or hit) for six colloq. Utterly surprise or overcome. [old english]

Sixer  n. 1 cricket hit for six runs. 2 brownie or cub in charge of a group of six.

Sixfold  adj. & adv. 1 six times as much or as many. 2 consisting of six parts.

Sixpence  n. 1 sum of six esp. Old pence. 2 hist. Coin worth this.

Sixpenny  adj. Costing or worth sixpence, esp. Before decimalization.

Six-shooter  n. (also six-gun) revolver with six chambers.

Sixteen  adj. & n. 1 one more than fifteen. 2 symbol for this (16, xvi, xvi). 3 size etc. Denoted by sixteen. ~ sixteenth adj. & n. [old english]

Sixth  adj. & n. 1 next after fifth. 2 any of six equal parts of a thing. ~ sixthly adv.

Sixth form  n. Form in a secondary school for pupils over 16.

Sixth-form college  n. Separate college for pupils over 16.

Sixth former  n. Sixth-form pupil.

Sixth sense  n. Supposed intuitive or extrasensory faculty.

Sixty  adj. & n. (pl. -ies) 1 six times ten. 2 symbol for this (60, lx, lx). 3 (in pl.) Numbers from 60 to 69, esp. The years of a century or of a person's life. ~ sixtieth adj. & n. [old english]

Sizable  var. Of +sizeable.

Size1  —n. 1 relative dimensions, magnitude. 2 each of the classes into which similar things are divided according to size. —v. (-zing) sort in sizes or according to size. ~ the size of it colloq. The truth of the matter. Size up colloq. Form a judgement of. ~ sized adj. (also in comb.). [french sise]

Size2  —n. Sticky solution used in glazing paper, stiffening textiles, etc. —v. (-zing) treat with size. [perhaps = +size1]

Sizeable  adj. (also sizable) large or fairly large.

Sizzle  —v. (-ling) 1 sputter or hiss, esp. In frying. 2 colloq. Be very hot or excited etc. —n. Sizzling sound. ~ sizzling adj. & adv. [imitative]

Sj  abbr. Society of jesus.

Ska  n. A kind of fast orig. Jamaican pop music. [origin unknown]

Skate1  —n. 1 boot with a blade attached for gliding on ice; this blade. 2 = +roller-skate. —v. (-ting) 1 a move on skates. B perform (a specified figure) on skates. 2 (foll. By over) refer fleetingly to, disregard. ~ get one's skates on slang make haste. Skate on thin ice colloq. Behave rashly, risk danger. ~ skater n. [dutch schaats from french]

Skate2  n. (pl. Same or -s) large flat marine fish used as food. [old norse]

Skateboard  —n. Short narrow board on two pairs of trucks, for riding on while standing. —v. Ride on a skateboard. ~ skateboarder n.

Skedaddle  v. (-ling) colloq. Depart quickly, flee. [origin unknown]

Skein  n. 1 loosely-coiled bundle of yarn or thread. 2 flock of wild geese etc. In flight. [french escaigne]

Skeleton  n. 1 hard framework of bones etc. Of an animal. 2 supporting framework or structure of a thing. 3 very thin person or animal. 4 useless or dead remnant. 5 outline sketch, epitome. 6 (attrib.) Having only the essential or minimum number of persons, parts, etc. (skeleton staff). ~ skeletal adj. [greek skello dry up]

Skeleton in the cupboard  n. Discreditable or embarrassing secret.

Skeleton key  n. Key designed to fit many locks.

Skeptic  n. (brit. Sceptic) 1 person inclined to doubt accepted opinions. 2 person who doubts the truth of religions. 3 philosopher who questions the possibility of knowledge. ~ scepticism n. [greek skeptomai observe]

Skeptical  adj. (brit. Sceptical) inclined to doubt accepted opinions; critical; incredulous. ~ sceptically adv.

Skerry  n. (pl. -ies) scot. Reef, rocky island. [old norse]

Sketch  —n. 1 rough or unfinished drawing or painting. 2 rough draft or general outline. 3 short usu. Humorous play. 4 short descriptive essay etc. —v. 1 make or give a sketch of. 2 draw sketches. 3 (often foll. By in, out) outline briefly. [greek skhedios extempore]

Sketch-book  n. (also sketch-block) pad of drawing-paper for sketching.

Sketch-map  n. Roughly-drawn map with few details.

Sketchy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 giving only a rough outline, like a sketch. 2 colloq. Unsubstantial or imperfect, esp. Through haste. ~ sketchily adv. Sketchiness n.

Skew  —adj. Oblique, slanting, set askew. —n. Slant. —v. 1 make skew. 2 distort. 3 move obliquely. ~ on the skew askew. [french: related to +eschew]

Skewbald  —adj. (esp. Of a horse) with irregular patches of white and another colour. —n. Skewbald animal. [origin uncertain]

Skewer  —n. Long pin designed for holding meat together while cooking. —v. Fasten together or pierce (as) with a skewer. [origin uncertain]

Skew-whiff  adj. & adv. Colloq. Askew.

Ski  —n. (pl. -s) 1 each of a pair of long narrow pieces of wood etc., fastened under the feet for travelling over snow. 2 similar device under a vehicle or aircraft. —v. (skis, ski'd or skied, skiing) travel on skis. ~ skier n. [norwegian from old norse] 

Skid  —v. (-dd-) 1 (of a vehicle etc.) Slide on slippery ground, esp. Sideways or obliquely. 2 cause (a vehicle) to skid. —n. 1 act of skidding. 2 runner beneath an aircraft for use when landing. ~ on the skids colloq. About to be discarded or defeated. Put the skids under colloq. Hasten the downfall or failure of. [origin unknown]

Skid-pan  n. Slippery surface for drivers to practise control of skidding.

Skid row  n. Us slang part of a town frequented by vagrants etc.

Skiff  n. Light rowing- or sculling-boat. [french esquif: related to +ship]

Ski-jump  n. Steep slope levelling off before a sharp drop to allow a skier to leap through the air. ~ ski-jumping n.

Skilful  adj. (us skillful) (often foll. By at, in) having or showing skill. ~ skilfully adv.

Ski-lift  n. Device for carrying skiers up a slope, usu. A cable with hanging seats.

Skill  n. (often foll. By in) ability to do something well; technique, expertise. [old norse, = difference]

Skilled  adj. 1 (often foll. By in) skilful. 2 (of work or a worker) requiring or having skill or special training.

Skillet  n. 1 small long-handled metal cooking-pot. 2 us frying-pan. [french]

Skillful  adj. (brit. Skilful) (often foll. By at, in) having or showing skill. ~ skilfully adv.

Skim  —v. (-mm-) 1 a take a floating layer from the surface of (a liquid). B take (cream etc.) From the surface of a liquid. 2 a barely touch (a surface) in passing over. B (often followed by over) deal with or treat (a matter) superficially. 3 (often foll. By over, along) go or glide lightly. 4 (often followed by through) read or look over cursorily. —n. Skimming. [french: related to +scum]

Skimmia  n. Evergreen shrub with red berries. [japanese]

Skim milk  n. (also skimmed milk) milk from which the cream has been removed.

Skimp  v. 1 (often followed by on) economize; use a meagre or insufficient amount of, stint. 2 (often foll. By in) supply (a person etc.) Meagrely with food etc. 3 do hastily or carelessly. [cf. +scrimp]

Skimpy  adj. (-ier, -iest) meagre; insufficient. ~ skimpiness n.

Skin  —n. 1 flexible covering of a body. 2 a skin of a flayed animal with or without the hair etc. B material prepared from skins. 3 complexion of the skin. 4 outer layer or covering, esp. Of a fruit, sausage, etc. 5 film like skin on a liquid etc. 6 container for liquid, made of an animal's skin. 7 slang skinhead. —v. (-nn-) 1 remove the skin from. 2 graze (part of the body). 3 slang swindle. ~ be skin and bone be very thin. By (or with) the skin of one's teeth by a very narrow margin. Get under a person's skin colloq. Interest or annoy a person intensely. Have a thick (or thin) skin be insensitive (or sensitive). No skin off one's nose colloq. Of no consequence to one. ~ skinless adj. [old norse]

Skin-deep  adj. Superficial.

Skin-diver  n. Underwater swimmer without a diving-suit, usu. With aqualung and flippers. ~ skin-diving n.

Skinflint  n. Miser.

Skinful  n. Colloq. Enough alcohol to make one drunk.

Skin-graft  n. 1 surgical transplanting of skin. 2 skin transferred in this way.

Skinhead  n. Youth with a shaven head, esp. One of an aggressive gang.

Skinny  adj. (-ier, -iest) thin or emaciated. ~ skinniness n.

Skint  adj. Slang having no money left. [= skinned]

Skin-tight  adj. (of a garment) very close-fitting.

Skip1  —v. (-pp-) 1 a move along lightly, esp. With alternate hops. B jump lightly, esp. Over a skipping-rope. C gambol, caper, frisk. 2 (often foll. By from, off, to) move quickly from one point, subject, etc. To another. 3 (also absol.) Omit parts of (a text, subject, etc.). 4 colloq. Miss intentionally, not attend. 5 colloq. Leave hurriedly. —n. Skipping movement or action. ~ skip it colloq. Abandon a topic etc. [probably scandinavian]

Skip2  n. 1 large container for building refuse etc. 2 container for transporting or raising materials in mining etc. [old norse]

Skipjack  n. (in full skipjack tuna) (pl. Same or -s) small striped pacific tuna used as food. [from +skip1, +jack]

Skipper  —n. 1  captain of a ship or aircraft. 2 captain of a sporting team. —v. Be captain of. [low german or dutch schipper]

Skipping-rope  n. Length of rope turned over the head and under the feet while jumping it as a game or exercise.

Skirl  —n. Shrill sound, esp. Of bagpipes. —v. Make a skirl. [probably scandinavian]

Skirmish  —n. 1 minor battle. 2 short argument or contest of wit etc. —v. Engage in a skirmish. [french from germanic]

Skirt  —n. 1 woman's garment hanging from the waist. 2 the part of a coat etc. Hanging below the waist. 3 hanging part at the base of a hovercraft. 4 (in sing. Or pl.) Edge, border, extreme part. 5 (also bit of skirt) slang offens. Woman. 6 (in full skirt of beef etc.) Cut of meat from the flank or diaphragm. —v. (often foll. By around) 1 go or lie along or round the edge of. 2 avoid dealing with (an issue etc.). [old norse: related to +shirt]

Skirting-board  n. Narrow board etc. Along the bottom of a room-wall.

Ski-run  n. Slope prepared for skiing.

Skit  n. Light, usu. Short, piece of satire or burlesque. [perhaps from old norse: related to +shoot]

Skittish  adj. 1 lively, playful. 2 (of a horse etc.) Nervous, inclined to shy. [perhaps related to +skit]

Skittle  n.  1 pin used in skittles. 2 (in pl.; usu. Treated as sing.) Game of trying to bowl down usu. Nine wooden pins. [origin unknown]

Skive  v. (-ving) (often followed by off) slang evade work; play truant. ~ skiver n. [old norse]

Skivvy  —n. (pl. -ies) colloq. Derog. Female domestic servant. —v. (-ies, -ied) work as a skivvy. [origin unknown]

Skua  n. Large predatory sea bird. [old norse]

Skulduggery  n. Trickery; unscrupulous behaviour. [origin unknown]

Skulk  v. Move stealthily; lurk, hide. [scandinavian]

Skull  n. 1 bony case of the brain of a vertebrate. 2 bony skeleton of the head. 3 head as the seat of intelligence. [origin unknown]

Skull and crossbones  n.pl. Representation of a skull with two crossed thigh-bones as an emblem of piracy or death.

Skullcap  n. Peakless cap covering the crown only.

Skunk  n. (pl. Same or -s) 1 black and white striped mammal emitting a powerful stench when attacked. 2 colloq. Contemptible person. [american indian]

Sky  —n. (pl. Skies) (in sing. Or pl.) Atmosphere and outer space as seen from the earth. —v. (skies, skied) cricket etc. Hit (a ball) high. ~ to the skies without reserve (praise to the skies). [old norse, = cloud]

Sky blue  adj. & n. (as adj. Often hyphenated) bright clear blue.

Skydiving  n. Sport of performing acrobatic manoeuvres under free fall before opening a parachute. ~ skydiver n.

Sky-high  adv. & adj. Very high.

Skyjack  v. Slang hijack (an aircraft).

Skylark  —n. Lark that sings while soaring. —v. Play tricks, frolic.

Skylight  n. Window in a roof.

Skyline  n. Outline of hills, buildings, etc. Against the sky.

Sky-rocket  —n. = +rocket 1. —v. (esp. Of prices) rise very rapidly.

Skyscraper  n. Very tall building.

Skyward  —adv. (also skywards) towards the sky. —adj. Moving skyward.

Sky-writing  n. Writing in aeroplane smoke-trails.

Slab  n. 1 flat thick esp. Rectangular piece of solid material, esp. Stone. 2 mortuary table. [origin unknown]

Slack1  —adj. 1 (of rope etc.) Not taut. 2 inactive or sluggish. 3 negligent, remiss. 4 (of tide etc.) Neither ebbing nor flowing. —n. 1 slack part of a rope (haul in the slack). 2 slack period. 3 (in pl.) Informal trousers. —v. 1 loosen (rope etc.). 2 colloq. Take a rest, be lazy. ~ slack off 1 loosen. 2 (also slack up) reduce one's level of activity; reduce speed. ~ slackness n. [old english]

Slack2  n. Coal-dust or fragments of coal. [probably low german or dutch]

Slacken  v. Make or become slack. ~ slacken off = slack off (see +slack1).

Slacker  n. Shirker.

Slag  —n. 1 refuse left after smelting etc. 2 slang derog. Prostitute; promiscuous woman. —v. (-gg-) 1 form slag. 2 (often foll. By off) slang insult, slander. ~ slaggy adj. [low german]

Slag-heap  n. Hill of refuse from a coalmine, steelworks, etc.

Slain  past part. Of +slay.

Slake  v. (-king) 1 assuage or satisfy (thirst, a desire, etc.). 2 temper (quicklime) by combination with water. [old english: related to +slack1]

Slalom  n. 1 ski-race down a zigzag obstacle course. 2 obstacle race in canoes etc. [norwegian]

Slam1  —v. (-mm-) 1 shut forcefully and loudly. 2 put down loudly. 3 put or do suddenly (slam the brakes on; car slammed to a halt). 4 slang criticize severely. 5 slang hit. 6 slang conquer easily. —n. Sound or action of slamming. [probably scandinavian]

Slam2  n. Cards winning of every trick in a game. [origin uncertain]

Slander  —n. 1 false and damaging utterance about a person. 2 uttering of this. —v. Utter slander about. ~ slanderous adj. [french esclandre: related to +scandal]

Slang  —n. Very informal words, phrases, or meanings, not regarded as standard and often used by a specific profession, class, etc. —v. Use abusive language (to). ~ slangy adj. [origin unknown]

Slanging-match  n. Prolonged exchange of insults.

Slant  —v. 1 slope; lie or (cause to) go obliquely. 2 (often as slanted adj.) Present (information) in a biased or particular way. —n. 1 slope; oblique position. 2 point of view, esp. A biased one. —adj. Sloping, oblique. ~ on a (or the) slant aslant. [scandinavian]

Slantwise  adv. Aslant.

Slap  —v. (-pp-) 1 strike with the palm or a flat object, or so as to make a similar noise. 2 lay forcefully (slapped it down). 3 put hastily or carelessly (slap paint on). 4 (often foll. By down) colloq. Reprimand or snub. —n. 1 blow with the palm or a flat object. 2 slapping sound. —adv. Suddenly, fully, directly (ran slap into him). [low german, imitative]

Slap and tickle  n. Colloq. Sexual horseplay.

Slap-bang  adv. Colloq. Violently, headlong.

Slapdash  —adj. Hasty and careless. —adv. In this manner.

Slap-happy  adj. Colloq. Cheerfully casual or flippant.

Slap in the face  n. Rebuff or affront.

Slap on the back  n. Congratulations.

Slapstick  n. Boisterous comedy.

Slap-up  attrib. Adj. Colloq. Excellent, lavish.

Slash  —v. 1 cut or gash with a knife etc. 2 (often foll. By at) deliver or aim cutting blows. 3 reduce (prices etc.) Drastically. 4 censure vigorously. —n. 1 slashing cut or stroke. 2 printing oblique stroke; solidus. 3 slang act of urinating. [origin unknown]

Slat  n. Thin narrow piece of wood, plastic, or metal, esp. As in a fence or venetian blind. [french esclat splinter]

Slate  —n. 1 (esp. Bluish-grey) metamorphic rock easily split into flat smooth plates. 2 piece of this as a tile or hist. For writing on. 3 bluish-grey colour of slate. 4 list of nominees for office etc. —v. (-ting) 1 roof with slates. 2 colloq. Criticize severely. 3 us make arrangements for (an event etc.). 4 us nominate for office etc. —adj.

Slattern  n. Slovenly woman. ~ slatternly adj. [origin uncertain]

Slaughter  —v. 1 kill (animals) for food or skins or because of disease. 2 kill (people) ruthlessly or on a great scale. 3 colloq. Defeat utterly. —n. Act of slaughtering. ~ slaughterer n. [old norse: related to +slay]

Slaughterhouse  n. Place for the slaughter of animals as food.

Slav  —n. Member of a group of peoples in central and eastern europe speaking slavonic languages. —adj. Of the slavs. [latin sclavus, ethnic name]

Slave  —n. 1 person who is owned by and has to serve another. 2 drudge, hard worker. 3 (foll. By of, to) obsessive devotee (slave of fashion). 4 machine, or part of one, directly controlled by another. —v. (-ving) (often foll. By at, over) work very hard. [french esclave from latin sclavus +slav (captive)]

Slave-driver  n. 1 overseer of slaves. 2 demanding boss.

Slave labour  n. Forced labour.

Slaver1  n. Hist. Ship or person engaged in the slave-trade.

Slaver2  —v. 1 dribble. 2 (foll. By over) drool over. —n. 1 dribbling saliva. 2 a fulsome flattery. B drivel, nonsense. [low german or dutch]

Slavery  n. 1 condition of a slave. 2 drudgery. 3 practice of having slaves.

Slave-trade  n. Hist. Dealing in slaves, esp. African blacks.

Slavic  adj. & n. = +slavonic.

Slavish  adj. 1 like slaves. 2 without originality. ~ slavishly adv.

Slavonic  —adj. 1 of the group of languages including russian, polish, and czech. 2 of the slavs. —n. Slavonic language-group. [related to +slav]

Slay  v. (past slew; past part. Slain) 1 literary = +kill 1. 2 = +kill 4.~ slayer n. [old english]

Sleaze  n. Colloq. Sleaziness. [back-formation from +sleazy]

Sleazy  adj. (-ier, -iest) squalid, tawdry. ~ sleazily adv. Sleaziness n. [origin unknown]

Sled  us —n. Sledge. —v. (-dd-) ride on a sledge. [low german]

Sledge  —n. Vehicle on runners for use on snow. —v. (-ging) travel or convey by sledge. [dutch sleedse]

Sledgehammer  n. 1 large heavy long-handled hammer used to break stone etc. 2 (attrib.) Heavy or powerful (sledgehammer blow). [old english slecg: related to +slay]

Sleek  —adj. 1 (of hair, skin, etc.) Smooth and glossy. 2 looking well-fed and comfortable. —v. Make sleek. ~ sleekly adv. Sleekness n. [var. Of +slick]

Sleep  —n. 1 natural recurring condition of suspended consciousness, with the eyes closed and the muscles relaxed. 2 period of sleep (had a sleep). 3 state like sleep; rest, quiet, death. —v. (past and past part. Slept) 1 a be in a state of sleep. B fall asleep. 2 (foll. By at, in, etc.) Spend the night. 3 provide beds etc. For (house sleeps six). 4 (foll. By with, together) have sexual intercourse, esp. In bed. 5 (foll. By on) put off (a decision) until the next day. 6 (foll. By through) fail to be woken by. 7 be inactive or dead. 8 (foll. By off) remedy by sleeping. ~ get to sleep manage to fall asleep. Go to sleep 1 begin to sleep. 2 (of a limb) become numb. Put to sleep 1 anaesthetize. 2 put down (an animal). Sleep around colloq. Be sexually promiscuous. Sleep in sleep later than usual in the morning. [old english]

Sleeper  n. 1 person or animal that sleeps. 2 horizontal beam supporting a railway track. 3 a sleeping-car. B berth in this. 4 ring or stud worn in a pierced ear to keep the hole open.

Sleeping-bag  n. Padded bag to sleep in when camping etc.

Sleeping-car  n. (also sleeping-carriage) railway coach with berths.

Sleeping partner  n. Partner not sharing in the actual work of a firm.

Sleeping-pill  n. Pill to induce sleep.

Sleeping policeman  n. Ramp etc. In the road to make traffic slow down.

Sleeping sickness  n. Tropical disease causing extreme lethargy.

Sleepless  adj. 1 lacking sleep (sleepless night). 2 unable to sleep. 3 continually active. ~ sleeplessness n.

Sleepwalk  v. Walk about while asleep. ~ sleepwalker n.

Sleepy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 drowsy. 2 quiet, inactive (sleepy town). ~ sleepily adv. Sleepiness n.

Sleet  —n. 1 snow and rain falling together. 2 hail or snow melting as it falls. —v. (prec. By it as subject) sleet falls (it is sleeting). ~ sleety adj. [old english]

Sleeve  n. 1 part of a garment that encloses an arm. 2 cover of a gramophone record. 3 tube enclosing a rod etc. ~ up one's sleeve in reserve. ~ sleeved adj. (also in comb.). Sleeveless adj. [old english]

Sleigh  —n. Sledge, esp. For riding on. —v. Travel on a sleigh. [dutch slee: related to +sledge]

Sleight of hand  n. Dexterity, esp. In conjuring. [old norse: related to +sly]

Slender  adj. (-er, -est) 1 a of small girth or breadth. B gracefully thin. 2 relatively small, scanty, inadequate. [origin unknown]

Slept  past and past part. Of +sleep.

Sleuth  colloq. —n. Detective. —v. Investigate crime etc. [old norse]

Slew1  (also slue) —v. (often foll. By round) turn or swing forcibly to a new position. —n. Such a turn. [origin unknown]

Slew2  past of +slay.

Slice  —n. 1 thin flat piece or wedge of esp. Food cut off or out. 2 share; part. 3 long-handled kitchen utensil with a broad flat perforated blade. 4 sport stroke that sends the ball obliquely. —v. (-cing) 1 (often foll. By up) cut into slices. 2 (foll. By off) cut off. 3 (foll. By into, through) cut (as) with a knife. 4  strike (a ball) with a slice. [french esclice from germanic]

Slick  —adj. Colloq. 1 a skilful or efficient. B superficially or pretentiously smooth and dexterous; glib. 2 sleek, smooth. —n. Large patch of oil etc., esp. On the sea. —v. Colloq. 1 (usu. Foll. By back, down) flatten (one's hair etc.). 2 (usu. Foll. By up) make sleek or smart. ~ slickly adv. Slickness n. [old english]

Slide  —v. (past and past part. Slid) 1 move along a smooth surface with continuous contact on the same part of the thing moving. 2 move quietly or smoothly; glide. 3 glide over ice without skates. 4 (foll. By over) barely touch upon (a delicate subject etc.). 5 (often foll. By into) move quietly or unobtrusively. —n. 1 act of sliding. 2 rapid decline. 3 inclined plane down which children, goods, etc., slide. 4 track made by or for sliding, esp. On ice. 5 part of a machine or instrument that slides. 6 a mounted transparency viewed with a projector. B piece of glass holding an object for a microscope. 7 = +hair-slide. ~ let things slide be negligent; allow deterioration. [old english]

Slide-rule  n. Ruler with a sliding central strip, graduated logarithmically for making rapid calculations.

Sliding scale  n. Scale of fees, taxes, wages, etc., that varies according to some other factor.

Slight  —adj. 1 a small; insignificant. B inadequate. 2 slender, frail-looking. 3 (in superl.) Any whatever (if there were the slightest chance). —v. Treat disrespectfully; ignore. —n. Act of slighting. ~ slightly adv. Slightness n. [old norse]

Slim  —adj. (slimmer, slimmest) 1 not fat, slender. 2 small, insufficient (slim chance). —v. (-mm-) (often foll. By down) 1 become slimmer by dieting, exercise, etc. 2 make smaller (slimmed it down to 40 pages). ~ slimmer n. Slimming n. & adj. Slimmish adj. [low german or dutch]

Slime  n. Thick slippery mud or sticky substance produced by an animal or plant. [old english]

Slimline  adj. 1 of slender design. 2 (of a drink) not fattening.

Slimy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 like, covered with, or full of slime. 2 colloq. Disgustingly obsequious. ~ sliminess n.

Sling1  —n. 1 strap etc. Used to support or raise a thing. 2 bandage supporting an injured arm from the neck. 3 strap etc. For firing a stone etc. By hand. —v. (past and past part. Slung) 1 colloq. Throw. 2 suspend with a sling. ~ sling one's hook slang go away. [old norse or low german or dutch]

Sling2  n. Sweetened drink of spirits (esp. Gin) and water. [origin unknown]

Sling-back  n. Shoe held in place by a strap above the heel.

Slink  v. (past and past part. Slunk) (often foll. By off, away, by) move in a stealthy or guilty manner. [old english]

Slinky  adj. (-ier, -iest) (of a garment) close-fitting and sinuous.

Slip1  —v. (-pp-) 1 slide unintentionally or momentarily; lose one's footing or balance. 2 go or move with a sliding motion. 3 escape or fall from being slippery or not being held properly. 4 (often foll. By in, out, away) go unobserved or quietly. 5 a make a careless or slight error. B fall below standard. 6 place or slide stealthily or casually (slipped a coin to him). 7 release from restraint or connection. 8 move (a stitch) to the other needle without knitting it. 9 (foll. By on, off) pull (a garment) easily or hastily on or off. 10 escape from; evade (dog slipped its collar; slipped my mind). —n. 1 act of slipping. 2 careless or slight error. 3 a pillowcase. B petticoat. 4 (in sing. Or pl.) = +slipway. 5 cricket a fielder stationed for balls glancing off the bat to the off side. B (in sing. Or pl.) This position. ~ give a person the slip escape from; evade. Let slip 1 utter inadvertently. 2 miss (an opportunity). 3 release, esp. From a leash. Slip up colloq. Make a mistake. [probably from low german slippen]

Slip2  n. 1 small piece of paper, esp. For writing on. 2 piece cut from a plant for grafting or planting. ~ slip of a small and slim (slip of a girl). [low german or dutch]

Slip3  n. Clay and water mixture for decorating earthenware. [old english, = slime]

Slip-knot  n. 1 knot that can be undone by a pull. 2 running knot.

Slip of the pen  n. (also slip of the tongue) small written (or spoken) mistake.

Slip-on  —attrib. Adj. Easily slipped on and off. —n. Slip-on shoe or garment.

Slippage  n. Act or an instance of slipping.

Slipped disc  n. Displaced disc between vertebrae causing lumbar pain.

Slipper  n. Light loose soft indoor shoe.

Slippery  adj. 1 difficult to grasp, stand on, etc. Because smooth or wet. 2 unreliable, unscrupulous. ~ slipperiness n. [old english]

Slippery slope  n. Course leading eventually to disaster.

Slippy  adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. Slippery. ~ look (or be) slippy make haste.

Slip-road  n. Road for entering or leaving a motorway etc.

Slipshod  adj. Careless, slovenly.

Slipstream  n. Current of air or water driven back by a revolving propeller or a moving vehicle.

Slip-up  n. Colloq. Mistake.

Slipway  n. Ramp for building ships or landing boats.

Slit  —n. Straight narrow incision or opening. —v. (-tt-; past and past part. Slit) 1 make a slit in. 2 cut into strips. [old english]

Slither  —v. Slide unsteadily. —n. Act of slithering. ~ slithery adj. [var. Of slidder: related to +slide]

Sliver  —n. Long thin piece cut or split off. —v. 1 break off as a sliver. 2 break or form into slivers. [old english]

Sloane  n. (in full sloane ranger) slang fashionable and conventional upper-class young person. ~ sloaney adj. [sloane square in london, and lone ranger, cowboy hero]

Slob  n. Colloq. Derog. Lazy, untidy, or fat person. [irish slab mud]

Slobber  —v. 1 dribble. 2 (foll. By over) drool over. —n. Dribbling saliver. ~ slobbery adj. [dutch]

Sloe  n. 1 = +blackthorn. 2 its small sour bluish-black fruit. [old english]

Slog  —v. (-gg-) 1 hit hard and usu. Wildly. 2 work or walk doggedly. —n. 1 hard random hit. 2 a hard steady work or walk. B spell of this. [origin unknown]

Slogan  n. 1 catchy phrase used in advertising etc. 2 party cry; watchword. [gaelic, = war cry]

Sloop  n. Small one-masted fore-and-aft rigged vessel. [dutch sloep]

Slop  —v. (-pp-) 1 (often foll. By over) spill over the edge of a vessel. 2 wet (the floor etc.) By slopping. —n. 1 liquid spilled or splashed. 2 sloppy language. 3 (in pl.) Dirty waste water or wine etc. From a kitchen, bedroom, or prison vessels. 4 (in sing. Or pl.) Unappetizing weak liquid food. ~ slop about move about in a slovenly manner. Slop out carry slops out (in prison etc.). [old english]

Slope  —n. 1 inclined position, direction, or state. 2 piece of rising or falling ground. 3 difference in level between the two ends or sides of a thing. 4 place for skiing on a mountain etc. —v. (-ping) 1 have or take a slope, slant. 2 cause to slope. ~ slope arms place one's rifle in a sloping position against one's shoulder. Slope off slang go away, esp. To evade work etc. [aslope crosswise]

Sloppy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 wet, watery, too liquid. 2 careless, untidy. 3 foolishly sentimental. ~ sloppily adv. Sloppiness n.

Slosh  —v. 1 (often foll. By about) splash or flounder. 2 slang hit, esp. Heavily. 3 colloq. A pour (liquid) clumsily. B pour liquid on. —n. 1 slush. 2 act or sound of splashing. 3 slang heavy blow. [var. Of +slush]

Sloshed  predic. Adj. Slang drunk.

Slot  —n. 1 slit in a machine etc. For a thing, esp. A coin, to be inserted. 2 slit, groove, etc. For a thing. 3 allotted place in a schedule, esp. In broadcasting. —v. (-tt-) 1 (often foll. By in, into) place or be placed (as if) into a slot. 2 provide with slots. [french esclot hollow of breast]

Sloth  n. 1 laziness, indolence. 2 slow-moving s. American mammal that hangs upside down in trees. [from +slow]

Slothful  adj. Lazy. ~ slothfully adv.

Slot-machine  n. Machine worked by the insertion of a coin, esp. Selling small items or providing amusement.

Slouch  —v. Stand, move, or sit in a drooping fashion.  —n. 1 slouching posture or movement.  2 slang incompetent or slovenly worker etc. [origin unknown]

Slouch hat  n. Hat with a wide flexible brim.

Slough1  n. Swamp, miry place. [old english]

Slough2  —n. Part that an animal casts or moults, esp. A snake's cast skin. —v. (often foll. By off) cast or drop off as a slough. [origin unknown]

Slough of despond  n. State of hopeless depression.

Slovak  —n. 1 native of slovakia in czechoslovakia. 2 language of slovakia, one of the two official languages of czechoslovakia. —adj. Of the slovaks or their language. [native name]

Sloven  n. Untidy or careless person. [origin uncertain]

Slovenly  —adj. Careless and untidy; unmethodical. —adv. In a slovenly manner. ~ slovenliness n.

Slow  —adj. 1 a taking a relatively long time to do a thing (also foll. By of: slow of speech). B acting, moving, or done without speed, not quick. 2 not conducive to speed (slow route). 3 (of a clock etc.) Showing a time earlier than is correct. 4 (of a person) not understanding or learning readily. 5 dull, tedious. 6 slack, sluggish (business is slow). 7 (of a fire or oven) giving little heat. 8 photog. (of a film) needing long exposure. 9 reluctant; not hasty (slow to anger). —adv. Slowly (also in comb.: slow-moving traffic). —v. (usu. Foll. By down, up) 1 reduce one's speed or the speed of (a vehicle etc.). 2 reduce one's pace of life. ~ slowish adj. Slowly adv. Slowness n. [old english]

Slowcoach  n. Colloq. Slow person.

Slow-down  n. Action of slowing down.

Slow motion  n. 1 speed of a film at which actions etc. Appear much slower than usual. 2 simulation of this in real action.

Slow-worm  n. Small european legless lizard. [old english slow of uncertain origin]

Sludge  n. 1 thick greasy mud or sediment. 2 sewage. ~ sludgy adj. [cf. +slush]

Slue  var. Of +slew1.

Slug1  n. 1 small shell-less mollusc often destroying plants. 2 a bullet, esp. Of irregular shape. B missile for an airgun. 3 printing metal bar used in spacing. 4 mouthful of drink (esp. Spirits). [scandinavian]

Slug2  us —v. (-gg-) hit hard. —n. Hard blow. ~ slug it out fight it out. [origin unknown]

Sluggard  n. Lazy person. [related to +slug1]

Sluggish  adj. Inert; slow-moving. ~ sluggishly adv. Sluggishness n.

Sluice  —n. 1 (also sluice-gate, sluice-valve) sliding gate or other contrivance for regulating the volume or flow of water. 2 water so regulated. 3 (sluice-way) artificial water-channel, esp. For washing ore. 4 place for rinsing. 5 act of rinsing. —v. (-cing) 1 provide or wash with a sluice or sluices. 2 rinse, esp. With running water. 3 (foll. By out, away) wash out or away with a flow of water. 4 (of water) rush out (as if) from a sluice. [french escluse]

Slum  —n. 1 house unfit for human habitation. 2 (often in pl.) Overcrowded and squalid district in a city. —v. (-mm-) visit slums, esp. Out of curiosity. ~ slum it colloq. Put up with conditions less comfortable than usual. ~ slummy adj. [originally cant] 

Slumber  v. & n. Poet. Or joc. Sleep. [old english]

Slump  —n. Sudden severe or prolonged fall in prices and trade, usu. Bringing widespread unemployment. —v. 1 undergo a slump. 2 sit or fall heavily or limply. [imitative]

Slung  past and past part. Of +sling1.

Slunk  past and past part. Of +slink.

Slur  —v. (-rr-) 1 pronounce indistinctly with sounds running into one another. 2 mus. Perform (notes) legato. 3 archaic or us put a slur on (a person or a person's character). 4 (usu. Foll. By over) pass over (a fact, fault, etc.) Lightly. —n. 1 imputation of wrongdoing. 2 act of slurring. 3 mus. Curved line joining notes to be slurred. [origin unknown]

Slurp  colloq. —v. Eat or esp. Drink noisily. —n. Sound of this. [dutch]

Slurry  n. Thin semi-liquid cement, mud, manure, etc. [related to dial. Slur thin mud]

Slush  n. 1 thawing muddy snow. 2 silly sentimentality. ~ slushy adj. (-ier, -iest). [origin unknown]

Slush fund  n. Reserve fund, esp. For political bribery.

Slut  n. Derog. Slovenly or promiscuous woman. ~ sluttish adj. [origin unknown]

Sly  adj. (slyer, slyest) 1 cunning, crafty, wily. 2 secretive. 3 knowing; insinuating. ~ on the sly secretly. ~ slyly adv. Slyness n. [old norse: related to +slay]

Sm  symb. Samarium.

Smack1  —n. 1 sharp slap or blow. 2 hard hit at cricket etc. 3 loud kiss. 4 loud sharp sound. —v. 1 slap. 2 part (one's lips) noisily in anticipation of food. 3 move, hit, etc., with a smack. —adv. Colloq. 1 with a smack. 2 suddenly; directly; violently. 3 exactly (smack in the centre). ~ a smack in the eye (or face) colloq. Rebuff; setback. [imitative]

Smack2  (foll. By of) —v. 1 have a flavour of; taste of. 2 suggest (smacks of nepotism). —n. 1 flavour. 2 barely discernible quality. [old english]

Smack3  n. Single-masted sailing-boat. [low german or dutch]

Smack4  n. Slang heroin or other hard drug. [probably alteration of yiddish schmeck sniff]

Smacker  n. Slang 1 loud kiss. 2 a £1. B us $1.

Small  —adj. 1 not large or big. 2 not great in importance, amount, number, power, etc. 3 not much; little (paid small attention). 4 insignificant (from small beginnings). 5 of small particles (small shot). 6 on a small scale (small farmer). 7 poor or humble. 8 mean; ungenerous. 9 young (small child). —n. 1 slenderest part of a thing, esp. Of the back. 2 (in pl.) Colloq. Underwear, esp. As laundry. —adv. Into small pieces (chop it small). ~ feel (or look) small be humiliated or ashamed. ~ smallish adj. Smallness n. [old english]

Small arms  n.pl. Portable firearms.

Small beer  n. Trifling thing.

Small change  n. Coins, not notes.

Small fry  n. Unimportant people; children.

Smallholder  n. Farmer of a smallholding.

Smallholding  n.  Agricultural holding smaller than a farm.

Small hours  n.pl. Period soon after midnight.

Small-minded  adj. Petty; narrow in outlook.

Smallpox  n. Hist. Acute contagious disease with fever and pustules, usu. Leaving scars.

Small print  n. Unfavourable clauses etc. In a contract, usu. Printed small.

Small-scale  adj. Made or occurring on a small scale.

Small talk  n. Light social conversation.

Small-time  adj. Colloq. Unimportant, petty.

Smarm  —v. Colloq. 1 (often foll. By down) smooth, plaster flat (hair etc.). 2 be ingratiating. —n. Colloq. Obsequiousness. [dial.]

Smarmy  adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. Ingratiating. ~ smarmily adv. Smarminess n.

Smart  —adj. 1 well-groomed, neat. 2 brightly coloured, newly painted, etc. 3 stylish, fashionable. 4 (esp. Us) clever, ingenious, quickwitted. 5 quick, brisk. 6 painfully severe; sharp, vigorous. —v. 1 feel or give pain. 2 rankle. 3 (foll. By for) suffer the consequences of. —n. Sharp pain; stinging sensation. —adv. Smartly. ~ smartish adj. & adv. Smartly adv. Smartness n. [old english]

Smart alec  n. (also smart aleck) colloq. Conceited know-all.

Smarten  v. (usu. Foll. By up) make or become smart.

Smart money  n. Money invested by people with expert knowledge.

Smash  —v. 1 (often foll. By up) a break into pieces; shatter. B bring or come to sudden destruction, defeat, or disaster. 2 (foll. By into, through) move with great force. 3 (foll. By in) break with a crushing blow. 4  hit (a ball etc.) With great force, esp. Downwards. —n. 1 act of smashing, collision. 2 sound of this. 3 (in full smash hit) very successful play, song, performer, etc. —adv. With a smash. [imitative]

Smash-and-grab  n. Robbery in which a shop-window is smashed and goods seized.

Smasher  n. Colloq. Beautiful or pleasing person or thing.

Smashing  adj. Colloq. Excellent, wonderful.

Smash-up  n. Violent collision.

Smattering  n. Slight superficial knowledge of a language etc. [origin unknown]

Smear  —v. 1 daub or mark with grease etc. 2 smudge. 3 defame. —n. 1 act of smearing. 2 med. A material smeared on a microscopic slide etc. For examination. B specimen of this. ~ smeary adj. [old english]

Smear test  n. = +cervical smear.

Smell  —n. 1 faculty of perceiving odours. 2 quality in substances that is perceived by this. 3 unpleasant odour. 4 act of inhaling to ascertain smell. —v. (past and past part. Smelt or smelled) 1 perceive or examine by smell. 2 emit an odour; stink. 3 seem by smell to be (smells sour). 4 (foll. By of) a emit the odour of (smells of fish). B be suggestive of (smells of dishonesty). 5 perceive; detect (smell a bargain). 6 have or use a sense of smell. ~ smell a rat suspect trickery etc. Smell out detect by smell or investigation. [old english]

Smelling-salts  n.pl. Sharp-smelling substances sniffed to relieve faintness etc.

Smelly  adj. (-ier, -iest) having a strong or unpleasant smell. ~ smelliness n.

Smelt1  v. 1 extract metal from (ore) by melting. 2 extract (metal) in this way. ~ smelter n. [low german or dutch smelten]

Smelt2  past and past part. Of +smell.

Smelt3  n. (pl. Same or -s) small edible green and silver fish. [old english]

Smidgen  n. (also smidgin) colloq. Small bit or amount. [perhaps from smitch in the same sense]

Smilax  n. Any of several climbing shrubs.  [greek, = bindweed]

Smile  —v. (-ling) 1 have or assume a happy, kind, or amused expression, with the corners of the mouth turned up. 2 express by smiling (smiled a welcome). 3 give (a smile) of a specified kind (smiled a sardonic smile). 4 (foll. By on, upon) favour (fortune smiled on me). —n. 1 act of smiling. 2 smiling expression or aspect. [perhaps from scandinavian]

Smirch  —v. Soil; discredit. —n. Spot, stain. [origin unknown]

Smirk  —n. Conceited or silly smile. —v. Give a smirk. [old english]

Smite  v. (-ting; past smote; past part. Smitten) 1 archaic or literary a hit. B chastise; defeat. 2 (in passive) affect strongly; seize (smitten with regret; smitten by her beauty). [old english]

Smith  n. 1 blacksmith. 2 (esp. In comb.) Worker in metal (goldsmith). 3 (esp. In comb.) Craftsman (wordsmith). [old english]

Smithereens  n.pl. Small fragments. [dial. Smithers]

Smithy  n. (pl. -ies) blacksmith's workshop, forge. [related to +smith]

Smitten  past part. Of +smite.

Smock  —n. 1 loose shirtlike garment often ornamented with smocking. 2 loose overall. —v. Adorn with smocking. [old english]

Smocking  n. Ornamental effect on cloth made by gathering it tightly with stitches.

Smog  n. Smoke-laden fog. ~ smoggy adj. (-ier, -iest). [portmanteau word]

Smoke  —n. 1 visible vapour from a burning substance. 2 act of smoking tobacco. 3 colloq. Cigarette or cigar. —v. (-king) 1 a inhale and exhale the smoke of (a cigarette etc.). B do this habitually. 2 emit smoke or visible vapour. 3 darken or preserve with smoke (smoked salmon). ~ go up in smoke colloq. Come to nothing. Smoke out 1 drive out by means of smoke. 2 drive out of hiding etc. [old english]

Smoke bomb  n. Bomb that emits dense smoke on exploding.

Smoke-free  adj. 1 free from smoke. 2 where smoking is not permitted.

Smokeless  adj. Producing little or no smoke; free from smoke.

Smokeless zone  n. District where only smokeless fuel may be used.

Smoker  n. 1 person who habitually smokes. 2 compartment on a train where smoking is allowed.

Smokescreen  n. 1 cloud of smoke concealing (esp. Military) operations. 2 ruse for disguising one's activities.

Smokestack  n. 1 chimney or funnel of a locomotive or steamer. 2 tall chimney.

Smoky  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 emitting, filled with, or obscured by, smoke. 2 stained with or coloured like smoke. 3 having the flavour of smoked food. ~  smokiness n.

Smolder  (brit. Smoulder) —v. 1 burn slowly without flame or internally. 2 (of emotions) be fierce but suppressed. 3 (of a person) show silent emotion. —n. Smouldering. [origin unknown]

Smooch  colloq. —n. 1  period of slow close dancing. 2 period of kissing and caressing. —v. Engage in a smooch. ~ smoochy adj. [imitative]

Smooth  —adj. 1 having an even surface; free from projections, dents, and roughness. 2 that can be traversed without check. 3 (of the sea etc.) Calm, flat. 4 (of a journey etc.) Easy. 5 not harsh in sound or taste. 6 suave, conciliatory; slick. 7 not jerky. —v. 1 (often foll. By out, down) make or become smooth. 2 (often foll. By out, down, over, away) reduce or get rid of (differences, faults, difficulties, etc.) In fact or appearance. —n. Smoothing touch or stroke. —adv. Smoothly. ~ smoothly adv. Smoothness n. [old english]

Smoothie  n. Colloq., often derog. Smooth person.

Smooth-tongued  adj. Insincerely flattering.

Smorgasbord  n. Various esp. Savoury dishes as hors d'œuvres or a buffet meal. [swedish]

Smote  past of +smite.

Smother  v. 1 suffocate, stifle. 2 (foll. By in, with) overwhelm or cover with (kisses, gifts, kindness, etc.). 3 extinguish (a fire) by covering it. 4 a die of suffocation. B have difficulty breathing. 5 (often foll. By up) suppress or conceal. [old english]

Smoulder  (us smolder) —v. 1 burn slowly without flame or internally. 2 (of emotions) be fierce but suppressed. 3 (of a person) show silent emotion. —n. Smouldering. [origin unknown]

Smudge  —n. Blurred or smeared line, mark, blot, etc. —v. (-ging) 1 make a smudge on or of. 2 become smeared or blurred. ~ smudgy adj. [origin unknown]

Smug  adj. (smugger, smuggest) self-satisfied. ~ smugly adv. Smugness n. [low german smuk pretty]

Smuggle  v. (-ling) 1 (also absol.) Import or export illegally, esp. Without paying duties. 2 (foll. By in, out) convey secretly. ~ smuggler n. Smuggling n. [low german]

Smut  —n. 1 small flake of soot etc. 2 spot or smudge made by this. 3 obscene talk, pictures, or stories. 4 fungous disease of cereals. —v. (-tt-) mark with smuts.~ smutty adj. (-ier, -iest). [origin unknown]

Sn  symb. Tin. [latin tannun]

Snack  n. 1 light, casual, or hurried meal. 2 small amount of food eaten between meals. [dutch]

Snack bar  n. Place where snacks are sold.

Snaffle  —n. (in full snaffle-bit) simple bridle-bit without a curb. —v. (-ling) colloq. Steal; seize. [low german or dutch perhaps from snavel beak]

Snafu  slang —adj. In utter confusion. —n. This state. [acronym of ‘situation normal: all fouled (or fucked) up’]

Snag  —n. 1 unexpected obstacle or drawback. 2 jagged projection. 3 tear in material etc. —v. (-gg-) catch or tear on a snag. [probably scandinavian]

Snail  n. Slow-moving gastropod mollusc with a spiral shell. [old english]

Snail's pace  n. Very slow movement.

Snake  —n. 1 long limbless reptile. 2 (also snake in the grass) traitor; secret enemy. —v. (-king) move or twist like a snake. [old english]

Snake-charmer  n. Person appearing to make snakes move by music etc.

Snakes and ladders  n.pl. (usu. Treated as sing.) Board-game with counters moved up ‘ladders’ and down ‘snakes’.

Snakeskin  —n. Skin of a snake. —adj. Made of snakeskin.

Snaky  adj. 1 of or like a snake. 2 winding, sinuous. 3 cunning, treacherous.

Snap  —v. (-pp-) 1 break suddenly or with a cracking sound. 2 (cause to) emit a sudden sharp crack. 3 open or close with a snapping sound. 4 speak or say irritably. 5 (often foll. By at) make a sudden audible bite. 6 move quickly (snap into action). 7  photograph. —n. 1 act or sound of snapping. 2 crisp biscuit (brandy snap). 3 snapshot. 4 (in full cold snap) sudden brief spell of cold weather. 5  a card-game in which players call ‘snap’ when two similar cards are exposed. B (as int.) On noticing an (often unexpected) similarity. 6 vigour, liveliness. —adv. With a snap (heard it go snap). —adj. Done without forethought (snap decision). ~ snap out of slang get rid of (a mood, etc.) By a sudden effort. Snap up accept (an offer etc.) Quickly or eagerly. [low german or dutch snappen seize]

Snapdragon  n. Plant with a two-lipped flower.

Snap-fastener  n. = +press-stud.

Snapper  n. Any of several edible marine fish.

Snappish  adj. 1 curt; ill-tempered; sharp. 2 inclined to snap.

Snappy  adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. 1 brisk, lively. 2 neat and elegant (snappy dresser). 3 snappish. ~ make it snappy be quick. ~ snappily adv.

Snapshot  n. Casual or informal photograph.

Snare  —n. 1 trap, esp. With a noose, for birds or animals. 2 trap, trick, or temptation. 3 (in sing. Or pl.) Twisted strings of gut, hide, or wire stretched across the lower head of a side-drum to produce a rattle. 4 (in full snare drum) drum fitted with snares. —v. (-ring) catch in a snare; trap. [old norse]

Snarl1  —v. 1 growl with bared teeth. 2 speak, say, or express angrily. —n. Act or sound of snarling. [snar from low german]

Snarl2  —v. (often foll. By up) twist; entangle; hamper the movement of (traffic etc.); become entangled or congested. —n. Knot, tangle. [from +snare]

Snarl-up  n. Colloq. Traffic jam; muddle.

Snatch  —v. 1 (often foll. By away, from) seize or remove quickly, eagerly, or unexpectedly. 2 a steal (a handbag etc.) By grabbing. B slang kidnap. 3 secure with difficulty. 4 (foll. By at) a try to seize. B take (an offer etc.) Eagerly. —n. 1 act of snatching. 2 fragment of a song or talk etc. 3 us slang kidnapping. 4 short spell of activity etc. [related to +snack]

Snazzy  adj. (-ier, -iest) slang smart, stylish, showy. ~ snazzily adv. Snazziness n. [origin unknown]

Sneak  —v. 1 (foll. By in, out, past, away, etc.) Go or convey furtively. 2 slang steal unobserved. 3 slang tell tales; turn informer. 4 (as sneaking adj.) A furtive (sneaking affection). B persistent and puzzling (sneaking feeling). —n. 1 mean-spirited underhand person. 2 slang tell-tale; informer. —adj. Acting or done without warning; secret. ~ sneaky adj. (-ier, -iest). [origin uncertain]

Sneaker  n. Slang soft-soled canvas shoe.

Sneak-thief  n. Thief who steals without breaking in.

Sneer  —n. Contemptuous smile or remark. —v. 1 (often foll. By at) smile or speak derisively. 2 say with a sneer. ~ sneering adj. Sneeringly adv. [origin unknown]

Sneeze  —n. Sudden loud involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation of the nostrils. —v. (-zing) make a sneeze. ~ not to be sneezed at colloq. Worth having or considering. [old english]

Snick  —v. 1 make a small notch or incision in. 2 cricket deflect (the ball) slightly with the bat. —n. 1 small notch or cut. 2 cricket slight deflection of the ball. [snickersnee long knife, ultimately from dutch]

Snicker  n. & v. = +snigger. [imitative]

Snide  adj. Sneering; slyly derogatory. [origin unknown]

Sniff  —v. 1 inhale air audibly through the nose. 2 (often foll. By up) draw in through the nose. 3 smell the scent of by sniffing. —n. 1 act or sound of sniffing. 2 amount of air etc. Sniffed up. ~ sniff at show contempt for. Sniff out = smell out. [imitative]

Sniffer  n. Person who sniffs, esp. A drug etc. (often in comb.: glue-sniffer).

Sniffer-dog  n. Colloq. Dog trained to sniff out drugs or explosives.

Sniffle  —v. (-ling) sniff slightly or repeatedly. —n. 1 act of sniffling. 2 (in sing. Or pl.) Cold in the head causing sniffling. [imitative: cf. +snivel]

Sniffy  adj. Colloq. (-ier, -iest) disdainful. ~ sniffily adv. Sniffiness n.

Snifter  n. Slang small alcoholic drink. [dial. Snift sniff]

Snigger  —n. Half-suppressed laugh. —v. Utter this. [var. Of +snicker]

Snip  —v. (-pp-) (also absol.) Cut with scissors etc., esp. In small quick strokes. —n. 1 act of snipping. 2 piece snipped off. 3 slang a something easily done. B  bargain. [low german or dutch snippen]

Snipe  —n. (pl. Same or -s) wading bird with a long straight bill. —v. (-ping) 1  fire shots from hiding, usu. At long range. 2 (often foll. By at) make a sly critical attack. ~ sniper n. (in sense 1 of v.). [probably scandinavian]

Snippet  n. 1 small piece cut off. 2 (usu. In pl.) A scrap of information etc. B short extract from a book etc.

Snitch  slang —v. 1 steal. 2 (often foll. By on) inform on a person. —n. Informer. [origin unknown]

Snivel  —v. (-ll-; us -l-) 1 weep with sniffling. 2 run at the nose; sniffle. 3 show weak or tearful sentiment. —n. Act of snivelling. [old english]

Snob  n. Person who despises those inferior in social position, wealth, intellect, taste, etc. (intellectual snob). ~ snobbery n. Snobbish adj. Snobby adj. (-ier, -iest). [origin unknown]

Snog  slang —v. (-gg-) engage in kissing and caressing. —n. Period of this. [origin unknown]

Snood  n. Ornamental hairnet, worn usu. At the back of the head. [old english]

Snook  n. Slang contemptuous gesture with the thumb to the nose and the fingers spread. ~ cock a snook (often foll. By at) 1 make this gesture. 2 register one's contempt. [origin unknown]

Snooker  —n. 1 game played on an oblong cloth-covered table with a cue-ball, 15 red, and 6 coloured balls. 2 position in this game in which a direct shot would lose points. —v. 1 (also refl.) Subject (oneself or an opponent) to a snooker. 2 (esp. As snookered adj.) Slang thwart, defeat. [origin unknown]

Snoop  colloq. —v. 1 pry into another's affairs. 2 (often foll. By about, around) investigate transgressions of rules, the law, etc. —n. Act of snooping. ~ snooper n. Snoopy adj. [dutch]

Snooty  adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. Supercilious; conceited; snobbish. ~ snootily adv. [origin unknown]

Snooze  colloq. —n. Short sleep, nap. —v. (-zing) take a snooze. [origin unknown]

Snore  —n. Snorting or grunting sound of breathing during sleep. —v. (-ring) make this sound. [imitative]

Snorkel   —n. 1 breathing-tube for an underwater swimmer. 2 device for supplying air to a submerged submarine. —v. (-ll-; us -l-) use a snorkel. [german schnorchel]

Snort  —n. 1 explosive sound made esp. By horses by the sudden forcing of breath through the nose. 2 similar human sound showing contempt, incredulity, etc. 3 colloq. Small drink of liquor. 4 slang inhaled dose of powdered cocaine etc. —v. 1 make a snort. 2 (also absol.) Slang inhale (esp. Cocaine). 3 express or utter with a snort. [imitative]

Snot  n. Slang nasal mucus. [probably low german or dutch: related to +snout]

Snotty  adj. (-ier, -iest) slang 1 running or covered with nasal mucus. 2 snooty. 3 mean, contemptible. ~ snottily adv. Snottiness n.

Snout  n. 1 projecting nose and mouth of an animal. 2 derog. Person's nose. 3 pointed front of a thing. [low german or dutch]

Snow  —n. 1 frozen atmospheric vapour falling to earth in light white flakes. 2 fall or layer of this. 3 thing resembling snow in whiteness or texture etc. 4 slang cocaine. —v. 1 (prec. By it as subject) snow falls (it is snowing; if it snows). 2 (foll. By in, over, up, etc.) Confine or block with snow. ~ be snowed under be overwhelmed, esp. With work. [old english]

Snowball  —n. Ball of compressed snow for throwing in play. —v. 1 throw or pelt with snowballs. 2 increase rapidly.

Snowball-tree  n. Guelder rose.

Snowberry  n. (pl. -ies) shrub with white berries.

Snow-blind  adj. Temporarily blinded by the glare from snow.

Snowblower  n. Machine that clears snow by blowing.

Snowbound  adj. Prevented by snow from going out or travelling.

Snowcap  n. Snow-covered mountain peak. ~ snowcapped adj.

Snowdrift  n. Bank of snow heaped up by the wind.

Snowdrop  n. Early spring plant with white drooping flowers.

Snowfall  n. 1 fall of snow. 2 amount of this.

Snowflake  n. Each of the flakes in which snow falls.

Snow goose  n. White arctic goose.

Snowline  n. Level above which snow never melts entirely.

Snowman  n. Figure resembling a human, made of compressed snow.

Snowmobile  n. Motor vehicle, esp. With runners or caterpillar tracks, for travel over snow.

Snowplough  n. (us snowplow) device or vehicle for clearing roads of thick snow.

Snowplow  n. (brit. Snowplough) device or vehicle for clearing roads of thick snow.

Snowshoe  n. Racket-shaped attachment to a boot for walking on snow without sinking in.

Snowstorm  n. Heavy fall of snow, esp. With a high wind.

Snow white  adj. & n. (as adj. Often hyphenated) pure white.

Snowy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of or like snow. 2 (of the weather etc.) With much snow.

Snowy owl  n. Large white arctic owl.

Snp  abbr. Scottish national party.

Snr.  Abbr. Senior.

Snub  —v. (-bb-) rebuff or humiliate with sharp words or coldness. —n. Act of snubbing. —adj. Short and blunt in shape. [old norse, = chide]

Snub nose  n. Short turned-up nose. ~ snub-nosed adj.

Snuff1  —n. Charred part of a candle-wick. —v. Trim the snuff from (a candle). ~ snuff it slang die. Snuff out 1 extinguish (a candle flame). 2 put an end to (hopes etc.). [origin unknown]

Snuff2  —n. Powdered tobacco or medicine taken by sniffing. —v. Take snuff. [dutch]

Snuffbox  n. Small box for holding snuff.

Snuffer  n. Device for snuffing or extinguishing a candle.

Snuffle  —v. (-ling) 1 make sniffing sounds. 2 speak or say nasally or whiningly. 3 breathe noisily, esp. With a blocked nose. —n. Snuffling sound or tone. ~ snuffly adj. [low german or dutch snuffelen]

Snug  —adj. (snugger, snuggest) 1 cosy, comfortable, sheltered. 2 close-fitting. —n. Small room in a pub. ~ snugly adv. [probably low german or dutch]

Snuggery  n. (pl. -ies) snug place, den.

Snuggle  v. (-ling) settle or draw into a warm comfortable position.

So1  —adv. 1 to such an extent (stop complaining so; so small as to be invisible; not so late as i expected). 2 in this or that way; in the manner, position, or state described or implied (place your feet so; am not cold but may become so). 3 also (he went and so did i). 4 indeed, actually (you said it was good, and so it is). 5 very (i am so glad). 6 (with verbs of saying or thinking etc.) Thus, this, that (i think so; so he said). —conj. (often foll. By that) 1 consequently (was ill, so couldn't come). 2 in order that (came early so that i could see you). 3 and then; as the next step (so then i gave up; and so to bed). 4 (introducing a question) then; after that (so what did you do?). ~ and so on (or forth) 1 and others of the same kind. 2 and in other similar ways. Or so approximately (50 or so). So as to in order to. So be it expression of acceptance or resignation. So long! Colloq. Goodbye. So much 1 a certain amount (of). 2 nothing but (so much nonsense). So much for that is all that need be done or said about (a thing). So so adj. & adv. Colloq. Only moderately good or well. So what? Colloq. That is not significant. [old english]

So2  var. Of +soh.

Soak  —v. 1 make or become thoroughly wet through saturation. 2 (of rain etc.) Drench. 3 (foll. By in, up) absorb (liquid, knowledge, etc.). 4 refl. (often foll. By in) steep (oneself) in a subject etc. 5 (foll. By in, into, through) (of liquid) go or penetrate by saturation. 6 colloq. Extort money from. 7 colloq. Drink heavily. —n. 1 act of soaking; prolonged spell in a bath. 2 colloq. Hard drinker. [old english]

Soakaway  n. Pit into which liquids may flow and then percolate slowly into the subsoil.

Soaking  adj. (in full soaking wet) wet through.

So-and-so  n. (pl. -so's) 1 particular but unspecified person or thing. 2 colloq. Objectionable person.

Soap  —n. 1 cleansing agent yielding lather when rubbed in water. 2 colloq. = +soap opera. —v. Apply soap to. [old english]

Soapbox  n. Makeshift stand for a speaker in the street etc.

Soap flakes  n.pl. Thin flakes of soap for washing clothes etc.

Soap opera  n. Broadcast drama serial with domestic themes (orig. Sponsored in the us by soap manufacturers).

Soap powder  n. Powdered soap, esp. With additives, for washing clothes etc.

Soapstone  n. Steatite.

Soapsuds  n.pl. = +suds.

Soapwort  n. Plant with pink or white flowers, and leaves yielding a soapy substance.

Soapy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of or like soap. 2 containing or smeared with soap. 3 unctuous, flattering. ~ soapily adv. Soapiness n.

Soar  v. 1 fly or rise high. 2 reach a high level or standard. 3 fly without flapping the wings or using power. [french essorer]

Sob  —v. (-bb-) 1 inhale convulsively, usu. With weeping. 2 utter with sobs. —n. Act or sound of sobbing. [imitative]

Sober  —adj. (soberer, soberest) 1 not drunk. 2 not given to drink. 3 moderate, tranquil, sedate, serious. 4 not exaggerated. 5 (of a colour etc.) Quiet; dull. —v. (often foll. By down, up) make or become sober. ~ soberly adv. [french from latin]

Sobriety  n. Being sober. [latin: related to +sober]

Sobriquet  n. (also soubriquet) nickname. [french]

Sob story  n. Colloq. Story or explanation appealing for sympathy.

Soc.  Abbr. 1 socialist. 2 society.

So-called  adj. Commonly called, often incorrectly.

Soccer  n. Association football. [from +assoc.]

Sociable  adj. Liking company, gregarious; friendly. ~ sociability n. Sociably adv. [latin socius companion]

Social  —adj. 1 of society or its organization, esp. Of the relations of people or classes of people. 2 living in organized communities. 3 needing companionship; gregarious. —n. Social gathering, esp. Of a club. ~ socially adv. [latin: related to +sociable]

Social climber  n. Person anxious to gain a higher social status.

Social contract  n. Agreement between the state and population for mutual advantage.

Social democracy  n. Political system favouring a mixed economy and democratic social change. ~ social democrat n.

Socialism  n. 1 political and economic theory advocating state ownership and control of the means of production, distribution, and exchange. 2 social system based on this. ~ socialist n. & adj. Socialistic adj. [french: related to +social]

Socialite  n. Person moving in fashionable society.

Socialize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 mix socially. 2 make social. 3 organize on socialistic principles. ~ socialization n.

Social science  n. The study of society and social relationships. ~ social scientist n.

Social security  n. State assistance to the poor and unemployed etc.

Social services  n.pl. Welfare services provided by the state, esp. Education, health, and housing.

Social work  n. Professional or voluntary work with disadvantaged groups. ~ social worker n.

Society  n. (pl. -ies) 1 organized and interdependent community. 2 system and organization of this. 3 aristocratic part of this; its members (polite society; society would not approve). 4 mixing with others; companionship, company. 5 club, association (music society; building society). ~ societal adj. [latin societas]

Society of friends  n. Pacifist christian sect with no written creed or ordained ministers; quakers.

Society of jesus  see +jesuit.

Socio-  comb. Form of society or sociology (and) (socio-economic). [latin: related to +social]

Sociology  n. The study of society and social problems. ~ sociological adj. Sociologist n. [french: related to +social]

Sock1  n. 1 knitted covering for the foot and lower leg. 2 insole. ~ pull one's socks up colloq. Make an effort to improve. Put a sock in it slang be quiet. [old english socc from greek sukkhos slipper]

Sock2  colloq. —v. Hit hard. —n. Hard blow. ~ sock it to attack or address (a person or people) vigorously. [origin unknown]

Socket  n. Hollow for something to fit into etc., esp. A device receiving an electric plug, light-bulb, etc. [anglo-french]

Socratic  adj. Of socrates or his philosophy.

Socratic irony  n. Pose of ignorance to entice others into refutable statements.

Socratic method  n. Dialectic, procedure by question and answer.

Sod1  n. 1 turf, piece of turf. 2 surface of the ground. [low german or dutch]

Sod2  coarse slang —n. 1 unpleasant or awkward person or thing. 2 fellow (lucky sod). —v. (-dd-) 1 damn (sod them!). 2 (as sodding adj.) Damned. ~ sod off go away. [abbreviation of +sodomite]

Soda  n. 1 compound of sodium in common use. 2 (in full soda water) effervescent water used esp. With spirits etc. As a drink. [perhaps from latin sodanum from arabic]

Soda bread  n. Bread leavened with baking-soda.

Soda fountain  n. 1 device supplying soda water. 2 shop or counter with this.

Sodden  adj. 1 saturated; soaked through. 2 stupid or dull etc. With drunkenness. [archaic past part. Of +seethe]

Sodium  n. Soft silver-white metallic element. [from +soda]

Sodium bicarbonate  n. White crystalline compound used in baking-powder.

Sodium chloride  n. Common salt.

Sodium hydroxide  n. Strongly alkaline compound used in soap etc.; caustic soda.

Sodium lamp  n. Lamp using sodium vapour and giving a yellow light.

Sodium nitrate  n. White powdery compound used in fertilizers etc.

Sodomite  n. Person who practises sodomy. [greek: related to +sodomy]

Sodomy  n. = +buggery. ~ sodomize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing). [latin from sodom: gen. 18,19]

Sod's law  n. = +murphy's law.

Soever  adv. Literary of any kind; to any extent (how great soever it may be).

-soever  comb. Form of any kind; to any extent (whatsoever; howsoever).

Sofa  n. Long upholstered seat with a back and arms. [arabic shuffa]

Sofa bed  n. Sofa that can be converted into a bed.

Soffit  n. Undersurface of an arch, lintel, etc. [french soffite, italian soffitta]

Soft  —adj. 1 not hard; easily cut or dented; malleable. 2 (of cloth etc.) Smooth; fine; not rough. 3 (of wind etc.) Mild, gentle. 4 (of water) low in mineral salts and lathering easily. 5 (of light or colour etc.) Not brilliant or glaring. 6 (of sound) gentle, not loud. 7 (of a consonant) sibilant (as c in ice, s in pleasure). 8 (of an outline etc.) Vague, blurred. 9 gentle, conciliatory. 10 compassionate, sympathetic. 11 feeble, half-witted, silly, sentimental. 12 colloq. (of a job etc.) Easy. 13 (of drugs) not highly addictive. 14 (also soft-core) (of pornography) not highly obscene. 15 (of currency) likely to fall in value; not readily exchangeable into other currencies. —adv. Softly. ~ be soft on colloq. 1 be lenient towards. 2 be infatuated with. Have a soft spot for be fond of. ~ softish adj. Softly adv. Softness n. [old english]

Softball  n. Form of baseball using a softer and larger ball.

Soft-boiled  adj. (of an egg) boiled leaving the yolk soft.

Soft-centred  adj. 1 (of a sweet) having a soft centre. 2 soft-hearted; sentimental.

Soft drink  n. Non-alcoholic drink.

Soften  v. 1 make or become soft or softer. 2 (often foll. By up) a make weaker by preliminary attack. B make (a person) more receptive to persuasion. ~ softener n.

Soft fruit  n. Small stoneless fruit (a strawberry or currant).

Soft furnishings  n.pl. Curtains, rugs, etc.

Soft-hearted  adj. Tender, compassionate. ~ soft-heartedness n.

Softie  n. (also softy) (pl. -ies) colloq. Weak, silly, or soft-hearted person.

Softly-softly  adj. (also softly, softly) (of strategy) cautious and cunning.

Soft option  n. Easier alternative.

Soft palate  n. Rear part of the palate.

Soft pedal  —n. Piano pedal that softens the tone. —v. (soft-pedal) (-ll-; us -l-) refrain from emphasizing; be restrained.

Soft roe  see +roe1.

Soft sell  n. Restrained salesmanship.

Soft soap  —n. Colloq. Persuasive flattery. —v. (soft-soap) colloq. Persuade with flattery.

Soft-spoken  adj. Having a gentle voice.

Soft target  n. Vulnerable person or thing.

Soft touch  n. Colloq. Gullible person, esp. Over money.

Software  n. Programs for a computer.

Softwood  n. Easily sawn wood of deciduous trees.

Softy  var. Of +softie.

Soggy  adj. (-ier, -iest) sodden, saturated; too moist (soggy bread). ~  sogginess n. [dial. Sog marsh]

Soh  n. (also so) mus. Fifth note of a major scale. [latin solve, word arbitrarily taken]

Soigné  adj. (fem. Soignée pronunc. Same) well-groomed. [french]

Soil1  n. 1 upper layer of earth in which plants grow. 2 ground belonging to a nation; territory (on french soil). [latin solium seat, solum ground]

Soil2  —v. 1 make dirty; smear or stain. 2 defile; discredit. —n. 1 dirty mark. 2 filth; refuse. [french soill(i)er]

Soil pipe  n. Discharge-pipe of a lavatory.

Soirée  n. Evening party, usu. For conversation or music. [french]

Soixante-neuf  n. Slang mutual oral stimulation of the genitals. [french, = sixty-nine]

Sojourn  —n. Temporary stay. —v. Stay temporarily. [french sojorner]

Sola  n. Pithy-stemmed e. Indian swamp plant. [urdu]

Solace  —n. Comfort in sadness, disappointment, or tedium. —v. (-cing) give solace to. [latin solatium]

Solan  n. (in full solan goose) large gooselike gannet. [old norse]

Solar  adj. Of or reckoned by the sun. [latin sol sun]

Solar battery  n. (also solar cell) device converting solar radiation into electricity.

Solar day  n. Interval between meridian transits of the sun.

Solarium  n. (pl. -ria) room with sun-lamps or a glass roof etc. [latin: related to +solar]

Solar panel  n. Panel that absorbs the sun's rays as an energy source.

Solar plexus  n. Complex of nerves at the pit of the stomach.

Solar system  n. The sun and the celestial bodies whose motion it governs.

Solar year  n. Time taken for the earth to travel once round the sun.

Sola topi  n. Sun-helmet made from the pith of the sola plant.

Sold  past and past part. Of +sell. —adj. (foll. By on) colloq. Enthusiastic about.

Solder  —n. Fusible alloy used to join metals or wires etc. —v. Join with solder. [latin: related to +solid]

Soldering iron  n. Heated tool for melting and applying solder.

Soldier  —n. 1 member of an army. 2 (in full common soldier) private or nco in an army.  3 colloq. Finger of bread for dipping into egg. —v. Serve as a soldier. ~ soldier on colloq. Persevere doggedly. ~ soldierly adj. [french soulde, originally = soldier's pay]

Soldier of fortune  n. Mercenary.

Soldiery  n. Soldiers, esp. Of a specified character.

Sole1  —n. 1 undersurface of the foot. 2 part of a shoe, sock, etc., under the foot, esp. Other than the heel. 3 lower surface or base of a plough, golf-club head, etc. —v. (-ling) provide (a shoe etc.) With a sole. ~ -soled adj. (in comb.). [latin solea sandal]

Sole2  n. (pl. Same or -s) flat-fish used as food. [latin solea sandal, which the shape of fish resembles]

Sole3  adj. One and only; single, exclusive. [french from latin solus]

Solecism  n. 1 mistake of grammar or idiom. 2 offence against etiquette. ~ solecistic adj. [greek soloikos speaking incorrectly]

Solely  adv. 1 alone (solely responsible). 2 only (did it solely out of duty).

Solemn  adj. 1 serious and dignified. 2 formal. 3 awe-inspiring. 4 (of a person) serious or cheerless in manner. 5 grave, sober (solemn promise). ~ solemnly adv. Solemness n. [latin solemnis]

Solemnity  n. (pl. -ies) 1 being solemn. 2 rite, ceremony.

Solemnize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 duly perform (esp. A marriage ceremony). 2 make solemn. ~ solemnization n.

Solenoid  n. Cylindrical coil of wire acting as a magnet when carrying electric current. [french from greek solen tube]

Sol-fa  n. System of syllables representing musical notes. [sol var. Of +soh, +fa]

Soli  pl. Of +solo.

Solicit  v. (-t-) 1 seek (esp. Business) repeatedly or earnestly. 2 (also absol.) Accost as a prostitute. ~ solicitation n. [latin sollicitus anxious]

Solicitor  n. Lawyer qualified to advise clients and instruct barristers. [french: related to +solicit]

Solicitor-general  n. (pl. Solicitors-general) law officer below the attorney-general or the lord advocate.

Solicitous  adj. 1 showing interest or concern. 2 (foll. By to + infin.) Eager, anxious. ~ solicitously adv. [latin: related to +solicit]

Solicitude  n. Being solicitous. [latin: related to +solicitous]

Solid  —adj. (-der, -dest) 1 firm and stable in shape; not liquid or fluid. 2 of such material throughout, not hollow. 3 of the same substance throughout (solid silver). 4 sturdily built; not flimsy or slender. 5 a three-dimensional. B of solids (solid geometry). 6 a sound, reliable (solid arguments). B dependable (solid friend). 7 sound but unexciting (solid piece of work). 8 financially sound. 9 uninterrupted (four solid hours). 10 unanimous, undivided. 11 (of printing) without spaces. —n. 1 solid substance or body. 2 (in pl.) Solid food. 3 geom. Three-dimensional body or magnitude. —adv. Solidly (jammed solid). ~ solidly adv. Solidness n. [latin solidus]

Solidarity  n. 1 unity, esp. Political or in an industrial dispute. 2 mutual dependence. [french: related to +solid]

Solidify  v. (-ies, -ied) make or become solid. ~ solidification n.

Solidity  n. Being solid; firmness.

Solid-state  adj. Using the electronic properties of solids (e.g. A semiconductor) to replace those of valves.

Solidus  n. (pl. Solidi) oblique stroke (/). [latin: related to +solid]

Soliloquy  n. (pl. -quies) 1 talking without or regardless of hearers, esp. In a play. 2 this part of a play. ~ soliloquist n. Soliloquize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing). [latin solus alone, loquor speak]

Solipsism  n. Philosophical theory that the self is all that exists or can be known. ~ solipsist n. [latin solus alone, ipse self]

Solitaire  n. 1 jewel set by itself. 2 ring etc. With this. 3 game for one player in which pegs etc. Are removed from a board by jumping others over them. 4 us = +patience 3. [french: see +solitary]

Solitary  —adj. 1 living or being alone; not gregarious; lonely. 2 secluded. 3 single, sole. —n. (pl. -ies) 1 recluse. 2 colloq. = +solitary confinement. ~  solitariness n. [latin solitarius from solus alone]

Solitary confinement  n. Isolation in a separate prison cell.

Solitude  n. 1 being solitary. 2 lonely place. [latin solitudo: related to +solitary]

Solo  —n. (pl. -s) 1 (pl. -s or soli) musical piece or passage, or a dance, performed by one person. 2 thing done by one person, esp. An unaccompanied flight. 3 (in full solo whist) type of whist in which one player may oppose the others. —v. (-es, -ed) perform a solo. —adv. Unaccompanied, alone. [italian from latin: related to +sole3]

Soloist  n. Performer of a solo, esp. In music.

Solomon's seal  n. Flowering plant with drooping green and white flowers. [solomon, king of israel]

Solstice  n. Either of the times when the sun is furthest from the equator. [latin solstitium ‘the sun standing still’]

Soluble  adj. 1 that can be dissolved, esp. In water. 2 solvable. ~ solubility n. [latin solvo solut- release]

Solute  n. Dissolved substance.

Solution  n. 1 solving or means of solving a problem. 2 a conversion of a solid or gas into a liquid by mixture with a liquid. B state resulting from this. 3 dissolving or being dissolved.

Solve  v. (-ving) answer, remove, or effectively deal with (a problem). ~ solvable adj.

Solvent  —adj. 1 able to pay one's debts; not in debt. 2 able to dissolve or form a solution with something. —n. Solvent liquid etc. ~ solvency n. (in sense 2 of adj.).

Somatic  adj. Of the body, not of the mind. ~ somatically adv. [greek soma -mat- body]

Somber  adj. (also brit. Sombre) dark, gloomy, dismal. ~ sombrely adv. Sombreness n. [latin sub ombra under shade]

Sombre  adj. (also us somber) dark, gloomy, dismal. ~ sombrely adv. Sombreness n. [latin sub ombra under shade]

Sombrero  n. (pl. -s) broad-brimmed hat worn esp. In latin america. [spanish: related to +sombre]

Some  —adj. 1 unspecified amount or number of (some water; some apples; some of them). 2 unknown or unspecified (some day; some fool broke it). 3 approximately (some ten days). 4 considerable (went to some trouble; at some cost). 5 (usu. Stressed) a at least a modicum of (have some consideration). B such up to a point (that is some help). C colloq.

-some1  suffix forming adjectives meaning: 1 producing (fearsome). 2 characterized by being (gladsome). 3 apt to (tiresome; meddlesome). 4 suitable for (cuddlesome). [old english]

-some2  suffix forming nouns from numerals, meaning ‘a group of’ (foursome). [old english]

Somebody  —pron. Some person. —n. (pl. -ies) important person.

Someday  adv. At some time in the future.

Somehow  adv. 1 for some reason or other (somehow i don't trust him). 2 in some way; by some means.

Someone  n. & pron. = +somebody.

Someplace  adv. Us colloq. = +somewhere.

Somersault   —n. Leap or roll with the body turning through a circle. —v. Perform this. [french sobre above, saut jump]

Something  n. & pron. 1 unspecified or unknown thing (something has happened). 2 unexpressed or intangible quantity, quality, or extent (something strange about it). 3 colloq. Notable person or thing. ~ something else colloq. Something exceptional. Something like approximately. Something of to some extent (something of an expert). [old english: related to +some, +thing]

Sometime  —adv. 1 at some time. 2 formerly. —attrib. Adj. Former.

Sometimes  adv. Occasionally.

Somewhat  adv. To some extent.

Somewhen  adv. Colloq. At some time.

Somewhere  —adv. In or to some place. —pron. Some unspecified place.

Somnambulism  n. Sleepwalking. ~ somnambulant adj. Somnambulist n. [latin somnus sleep, ambulo walk]

Somnolent  adj. 1 sleepy, drowsy. 2 inducing drowsiness. ~ somnolence n. [latin: related to +somnambulism]

Son  n. 1 boy or man in relation to his parent(s). 2 male descendant. 3 (foll. By of) male member of a family, etc. 4 male descendent or inheritor of a quality etc. (sons of freedom). 5 form of address, esp. To a boy. [old english]

Sonar  n. 1 system for the underwater detection of objects by reflected sound. 2 apparatus for this. [sound navigation and ranging]

Sonata  n. Composition for one or two instruments, usu. In three or four movements. [italian, = sounded]

Sonatina  n. Simple or short sonata. [italian, diminutive of +sonata]

Son et lumière  n. Entertainment by night at a historic building etc., using lighting effects and recorded sound to give a dramatic narrative of its history. [french, = sound and light]

Song  n. 1 words set to music or meant to be sung. 2 vocal music. 3 musical composition suggestive of a song. 4 cry of some birds. ~ for a song colloq. Very cheaply. [old english: related to +sing]

Song and dance  n. Colloq. Fuss, commotion.

Songbird  n. Bird with a musical call.

Songbook  n. Book of song lyrics and music.

Song cycle  n. Set of linked songs.

Songster  n. (fem. Songstress) 1 singer. 2 songbird.

Song thrush  n. Common thrush, noted for singing.

Songwriter  n. Writer of songs or the music for them.

Sonic  adj. Of or using sound or sound waves. [latin sonus sound]

Sonic bang  n. (also sonic boom) noise made when an aircraft passes the speed of sound.

Sonic barrier  n. = +sound barrier.

Son-in-law  n. (pl. Sons-in-law) daughter's husband.

Sonnet  n. Poem of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme-scheme and, in english, usu. Ten syllables per line. [french sonnet or italian sonetto]

Sonny  n. Colloq. Familiar form of address to a young boy.

Sonorous  adj. 1 having a loud, full, or deep sound; resonant. 2 (of language, style, etc.) Imposing. ~ sonority n. [latin]

Soon  adv. 1 in a short time (shall soon know). 2 relatively early (must you go so soon?). 3 readily or willingly (would sooner go; would as soon stay). ~ as (or so) soon as at the moment that; not later than; as early as (came as soon as i could). Sooner or later at some future time; eventually. ~ soonish adv. [old english]

Soot  n. Black powdery deposit from smoke. [old english]

Sooth  n. Archaic truth. [old english]

Soothe  v. (-thing) 1 calm (a person, feelings, etc). 2 soften or mitigate (pain etc.). [old english]

Soothsayer  n. Seer, prophet.

Sooty  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 covered with soot. 2 black or brownish-black.

Sop  —n. 1 thing given or done to pacify or bribe. 2 piece of bread etc. Dipped in gravy etc. —v. (-pp-) 1 (as sopping adj.) Drenched (came home sopping; sopping wet clothes). 2 (foll. By up) soak or mop up. [old english]

Sophism  n. False argument, esp. One intended to deceive. [greek sophos wise]

Sophist  n. Captious or clever but fallacious reasoner. ~ sophistic adj. [greek: related to +sophism]

Sophisticate  n. Sophisticated person. [medieval latin: related to +sophism]

Sophisticated  adj. 1 (of a person) worldly-wise; cultured; elegant. 2 (of a thing, idea, etc.) Highly developed and complex. ~ sophistication n.

Sophistry  n. (pl. -ies) 1 use of sophisms. 2 a sophism.

Sophomore  n. Us second-year university or high-school student. [sophum, obsolete var. Of +sophism]

Soporific  —adj. Inducing sleep. —n. Soporific drug or influence. ~ soporifically adv. [latin sopor sleep]

Sopping  see +sop.

Soppy  adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. Mawkishly sentimental; silly; infatuated. ~ soppily adv. Soppiness n. [from +sop]

Soprano  n. (pl. -s) 1 a highest singing-voice. B female or boy singer with this voice. 2 instrument of a high or the highest pitch in its family. [italian sopra above]

Sorbet  n. 1 water-ice. 2 sherbet. [arabic sharba to drink]

Sorcerer  n. (fem. Sorceress) magician, wizard. ~ sorcery n. (pl. -ies). [french sourcier: related to +sort]

Sordid  adj. 1 dirty, squalid. 2 ignoble, mercenary. ~ sordidly adv. Sordidness n. [latin sordidus]

Sore  —adj. 1 (of a part of the body) painful. 2 suffering pain. 3 aggrieved, vexed. 4 archaic grievous or severe (in sore need). —n. 1 inflamed place on the skin or flesh. 2 source of distress or annoyance. —adv. Archaic grievously, severely. ~ soreness n. [old english]

Sorely  adv. Extremely (sorely tempted; sorely vexed).

Sore point  n. Subject causing distress or annoyance.

Sorghum  n. Tropical cereal grass. [italian sorgo]

Sorority  n. (pl. -ies) us female students' society in a university or college. [latin soror sister]

Sorrel1  n. Sour-leaved herb. [germanic: related to +sour]

Sorrel2  —adj. Of a light reddish-brown colour. —n. 1 this colour. 2 sorrel animal, esp. A horse. [french]

Sorrow  —n. 1 mental distress caused by loss or disappointment etc. 2 cause of sorrow. —v. Feel sorrow, mourn. [old english]

Sorrowful  adj. Feeling, causing, or showing sorrow. ~ sorrowfully adv.

Sorry  —adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 pained, regretful, penitent (sorry about the mess). 2 (foll. By for) feeling pity or sympathy for. 3 (attrib.) Wretched (a sorry sight). —int. Expression of apology. ~ sorry for oneself dejected. [old english: related to +sore]

Sort  —n. 1 group of similar things etc.; class or kind. 2 colloq. Person of a specified kind (a good sort). —v. (often foll. By out, over) arrange systematically; put in order. ~ of a sort (or of sorts) colloq. Barely deserving the name (a holiday of sorts). Out of sorts slightly unwell; in low spirits. Sort of colloq. As it were; to some extent. Sort out 1 separate into sorts. 2 select from a varied group. 3 disentangle or put into order. 4 solve. 5 colloq. Deal with or reprimand. [latin sors sort- lot]

Sortie  —n. 1 sally, esp. From a besieged garrison. 2 operational military flight. —v. (-ties, -tied, -tieing) make a sortie. [french]

Sos  n. (pl. Soss) 1 international code-signal of extreme distress. 2 urgent appeal for help. [letters easily recognized in morse]

Sostenuto  mus. —adv. & adj. In a sustained or prolonged manner. —n. (pl. -s) passage to be played in this way. [italian]

Sot  n. Habitual drunkard. ~ sottish adj. [old english]

Sotto voce  adv. In an undertone. [italian]

Sou  n. 1 colloq. Very small sum of money. 2 hist. Former french coin of low value. [french from latin: related to +solid]

Soubrette  n. 1 pert maidservant etc. In a comedy. 2 actress taking this part. [french]

Soubriquet  var. Of +sobriquet.

Soufflé  n. Light spongy sweet or savoury dish usu. Made with stiffly beaten egg-whites and gelatine. [french, = blown]

Sough  —v. Moan or whisper like the wind in trees etc. —n. This sound. [old english]

Sought  past and past part. Of +seek.

Sought-after  adj. Generally desired.

Souk  n.  Market-place in muslim countries. [arabic]

Soul  n. 1 spiritual or immaterial part of a person, often regarded as immortal. 2 moral, emotional, or intellectual nature of a person. 3 personification or pattern (the very soul of discretion). 4 an individual (not a soul in sight). 5 person regarded with familiarity or pity etc. (the poor soul; a good soul). 6 person regarded as an animating or essential part (life and soul). 7 energy or intensity, esp. In a work of art. 8 = +soul music. ~ upon my soul exclamation of surprise. [old english]

Soul-destroying  adj. (of an activity etc.) Tedious, monotonous.

Soul food  n. Traditional food of american blacks.

Soulful  adj. Having, expressing, or evoking deep feeling. ~ soulfully adv.

Soulless  adj. 1 lacking sensitivity or noble qualities. 2 undistinguished or uninteresting.

Soul mate  n. Person ideally suited to another.

Soul music  n. Black american music with rhythm and blues, gospel, and rock elements.

Soul-searching  n. Introspection.

Sound1  —n. 1 sensation caused in the ear by the vibration of the surrounding air or other medium. 2 vibrations causing this sensation. 3 what is or may be heard. 4 idea or impression conveyed by words (don't like the sound of that). 5 mere words. —v. 1 (cause to) emit sound. 2 utter, pronounce (sound a warning note). 3 convey an impression when heard (sounds worried). 4 give an audible signal for (an alarm etc.). 5  test (the lungs etc.) By the sound produced. ~ sound off talk loudly or express one's opinions forcefully. ~ soundless adj. [latin sonus]

Sound2  —adj. 1 healthy; not diseased, injured, or rotten. 2 (of an opinion, policy, etc.) Correct, well-founded. 3 financially secure. 4 undisturbed (sound sleeper). 5 thorough (sound thrashing). —adv. Soundly (sound asleep). ~ soundly adv. Soundness n. [old english]

Sound3  v. 1  test the depth or quality of the bottom of (the sea or a river etc.). 2 (often foll. By out) inquire (esp. Discreetly) into the opinions or feelings of (a person). [french sonder from latin sub unda under the wave]

Sound4  n. Strait (of water). [old english, = swimming]

Sound barrier  n. High resistance of air to objects moving at speeds near that of sound.

Sound bite  n. Short pithy extract from an interview, speech, etc., as part of a news etc. Broadcast.

Soundbox  n. The hollow body of a stringed musical instrument, providing resonance.

Sound effect  n. Sound other than speech or music made artificially for a film, broadcast, etc.

Sounding  n. 1 measurement of the depth of water. 2 (in pl.) Region close enough to the shore for sounding. 3 (in pl.) Cautious investigation.

Sounding-balloon  n. Balloon used to obtain information about the upper atmosphere.

Sounding-board  n. 1 a person etc. Used to test opinion. B means of disseminating opinions etc. 2 canopy directing sound towards an audience.

Sounding-line  n. Line used in sounding.

Sounding-rod  n. Rod used in sounding water in a ship's hold.

Soundproof  —adj. Impervious to sound. —v. Make soundproof.

Sound system  n. Equipment for sound reproduction.

Soundtrack  n. 1 the sound element of a film or videotape. 2 recording of this made available separately. 3 any single track in a multi-track recording.

Sound wave  n. Wave of compression and rarefaction, by which sound is transmitted in the air etc.

Soup  —n. Liquid food made by boiling meat, fish, or vegetables. —v. (usu. Foll. By up) colloq. 1 increase the power of (an engine). 2 enliven (a souped-up version of the original). ~ in the soup colloq. In difficulties. [french]

Soupçon  n. Small quantity; trace. [french: related to +suspicion]

Soup-kitchen  n. Place dispensing soup etc. To the poor.

Soup-plate  n. Deep wide-rimmed plate.

Soup-spoon  n. Large round-bowled spoon.

Soupy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 like soup. 2 sentimental.

Sour  —adj. 1 acid in taste or smell, esp. Because unripe or fermented. 2 morose; bitter. 3 (of a thing) unpleasant; distasteful. 4 (of the soil) dank. —v. Make or become sour. ~ go (or turn) sour 1 turn out badly. 2 lose one's keenness. ~ sourly adv. Sourness n. [old english]

Source  n. 1 place from which a river or stream issues. 2 place of origination. 3 person or document etc. Providing information. ~ at source at the point of origin or issue. [french: related to +surge]

Sour grapes  n.pl. Resentful disparagement of something one covets.

Sourpuss  n. Colloq. Sour-tempered person.

Souse  —v. (-sing) 1 immerse in pickle or other liquid. 2 (as soused adj.) Colloq. Drunk. 3 (usu. Foll. By in) soak (a thing) in liquid. —n. 1 a pickle made with salt. B us food in pickle. 2 plunge or drench in water. [french sous]

Soutane  n. Cassock worn by a roman catholic priest. [french from italian sotto under]

South  —n. 1 point of the horizon 90° clockwise from east. 2 compass point corresponding to this. 3 direction in which this lies. 4 (usu. The south) part of the world, a country, or a town to the south. —adj. 1 towards, at, near, or facing the south. 2 from the south (south wind). —adv. 1 towards, at, or near the south. 2 (foll. By of) further south than. ~ to the south (often foll. By of) in a southerly direction. [old english]

South african  —adj. Of the republic of south africa. —n. 1 native or national of south africa. 2 person of south african descent.

South american  —adj. Of south america. —n. Native or national of a south american country.

Southbound  adj. Travelling or leading southwards.

South-east  n. Part of a country or town to the south-east.

South-east  —n. 1 point of the horizon midway between south and east. 2 direction in which this lies. —adj. Of, towards, or coming from the south-east. —adv. Towards, at, or near the south-east.

Southeaster  n. South-east wind.

South-easterly  adj. & adv. = +south-east.

South-eastern  adj. On the south-east side.

Southerly  —adj. & adv. 1 in a southern position or direction. 2 (of a wind) from the south. —n. (pl. -ies) such a wind.

Southern  adj.  Of or in the south. ~ southernmost adj.

Southern cross  n. Southern constellation in the shape of a cross.

Southerner  n. Native or inhabitant of the south.

Southern hemisphere  n. The half of the earth south of the equator.

Southern lights  n.pl. Aurora australis.

Southpaw  colloq. —n. Left-handed person, esp. In boxing. —adj. Left-handed.

South pole  see +pole2.

South sea  n. (also south seas) southern pacific ocean.

South-south-east  n. Point or direction midway between south and south-east.

South-south-west  n. Point or direction midway between south and south-west.

Southward  —adj. & adv. (also southwards) towards the south. —n. Southward direction or region.

South-west  n. Part of a country or town to the south-west.

South-west  —n. 1 point of the horizon midway between south and west. 2 direction in which this lies. —adj. Of, towards, or coming from the south-west. —adv. Towards, at, or near the south-west.

Southwester  n. South-west wind.

South-westerly  adj. & adv. = +south-west.

South-western  adj. On the south-west side.

Souvenir  n. Memento of an occasion, place, etc. [french]

Sou'wester  n. 1 waterproof hat with a broad flap covering the neck. 2 south-west wind. [from +southwester]

Sovereign  —n. 1 supreme ruler, esp. A monarch. 2 hist. British gold coin nominally worth £1. —adj. 1 supreme (sovereign power). 2 self-governing (sovereign state). 3 royal (our sovereign lord). 4 excellent; effective (sovereign remedy). 5 unmitigated (sovereign contempt). [french so(u)verain: -g- by association with reign]

Sovereignty  n. (pl. -ies) 1 supremacy. 2 a self-government. B self-governing state.

Soviet  hist. —adj. Of the ussr or its people. —n. 1 citizen of the ussr. 2 (soviet) elected council in the ussr. 3 revolutionary council of workers, peasants, etc.  [russian]

Sow1  v. (past sowed; past part. Sown or sowed) 1 (also absol.) A scatter (seed) on or in the earth. B (often foll. By with) plant with seed. 2 initiate (sow hatred). ~ sow one's wild oats indulge in youthful excess or promiscuity. [old english]

Sow2  n. Adult female pig. [old english]

Soy  n. 1 (in full soy sauce) sauce from pickled soya beans. 2 (in full soy bean) = +soya 1. [japanese]

Soya  n.  1 (in full soya bean) a leguminous plant yielding edible oil and flour and used to replace animal protein. B seed of this. 2 (in full soya sauce) = +soy 1. [malay: related to +soy]

Sozzled  adj. Colloq. Very drunk. [dial. Sozzle mix sloppily, imitative]

Spa  n. 1 curative mineral spring. 2 resort with this. [spa in belgium]

Space  —n. 1 a continuous expanse in which things exist and move. B amount of this taken by a thing or available. 2 interval between points or objects. 3 empty area (make a space). 4 a outdoor urban recreation area (open space). B large unoccupied region (wide open spaces). 5 = +outer space. 6 interval of time (in the space of an hour). 7 amount of paper used in writing, available for advertising, etc. 8 a blank between printed, typed, or written words, etc. B piece of metal providing this. 9 freedom to think, be oneself, etc. (need my own space). —v. (-cing) 1 set or arrange at intervals. 2 put spaces between. 3 (as spaced adj.) (often foll. By out) slang euphoric, esp. From taking drugs. ~ space out spread out (more) widely. ~ spacer n. [latin spatium]

Space age  —n. Era of space travel. —attrib. Adj. (space-age) very modern.

Spacecraft  n. Vehicle for travelling in outer space.

Space invaders  n.pl. Computer game in which players combat aliens.

Spaceman  n. (fem. Spacewoman) astronaut.

Space-saving  adj. Occupying little space or helping to save space.

Spaceship  n. Spacecraft.

Space shuttle  n. Spacecraft for repeated use, esp. Between the earth and a space station.

Space station  n. Artificial satellite as a base for operations in outer space.

Spacesuit  n. Sealed pressurized suit for an astronaut in outer space.

Space–time  n. Fusion of the concepts of space and time as a four-dimensional continuum.

Spacious  adj. Having ample space; roomy. ~ spaciously adv. Spaciousness n. [latin: related to +space]

Spade1  n. Long-handled digging tool with a broad sharp-edged metal blade. ~ call a spade a spade speak bluntly. ~ spadeful n. (pl. -s). [old english]

Spade2  n. 1 a playing-card of a suit denoted by black inverted heart-shaped figures with short stalks. B (in pl.) This suit. 2 slang offens. Black person. [italian spada sword: related to +spade1]

Spadework  n. Hard preparatory work.

Spaghetti  n. Pasta in long thin strands. [italian]

Spaghetti bolognese  n. Spaghetti with a meat and tomato sauce.

Spaghetti junction  n. Multi-level road junction, esp. On a motorway.

Spaghetti western  n. Cowboy film made cheaply in italy.

Spam  n. Propr. Tinned meat made from ham. [spiced ham]

Span1  —n. 1 full extent from end to end. 2 each part of a bridge between supports. 3 maximum lateral extent of an aeroplane or its wing, or a bird's wing, etc. 4 a maximum distance between the tips of the thumb and little finger. B this as a measure of 9 in. —v. (-nn-) 1 stretch from side to side of; extend across. 2 bridge (a river etc.). [old english]

Span2  see +spick and span.

Spandrel  n. Space between the curve of an arch and the surrounding rectangular moulding, or between the curves of adjoining arches and the moulding above. [origin uncertain]

Spangle  —n. Small piece of glittering material, esp. One of many used to ornament a dress etc.; sequin. —v. (-ling) (esp. As spangled adj.) Cover with or as with spangles (star-spangled). [obsolete spang from dutch]

Spaniard  n. 1 native or national of spain. 2 person of spanish descent. [french espaigne spain]

Spaniel  n. Dog of a breed with a long silky coat and drooping ears. [french espaigneul spanish (dog)]

Spanish  —adj. Of spain, its people, or language. —n. 1 the language of spain and spanish america. 2 (the spanish) (pl.) The people of spain. [spain in europe]

Spanish main  n. Hist. Ne coast of s. America and adjoining parts of the caribbean sea.

Spanish omelette  n. Omelette with chopped vegetables in the mix.

Spanish onion  n. Large mild-flavoured onion.

Spank  —v. 1 slap, esp. On the buttocks as punishment. 2 (of a horse etc.) Move briskly. —n. Slap, esp. On the buttocks. [imitative]

Spanker  n. Naut. Fore-and-aft sail set on the after side of the mizen-mast.

Spanking  —adj. 1 brisk. 2 colloq. Striking; excellent. —adv. Colloq. Very (spanking new). —n. Slapping on the buttocks.

Spanner  n. Tool for turning a nut on a bolt etc. [german]

Spanner in the works  n. Colloq. Impediment.

Spar1  n. 1 stout pole, esp. As a ship's mast etc. 2 main longitudinal beam of an aeroplane wing. [old norse sperra or french esparre]

Spar2  —v. (-rr-) 1 make the motions of boxing without heavy blows. 2 argue. —n. 1 sparring motion. 2 boxing-match. [old english]

Spar3  n. Easily split crystalline mineral. [low german]

Spare  —adj. 1 a not required for normal or immediate use; extra. B for emergency or occasional use. 2 lean; thin. 3 frugal. —n. Spare part. —v. (-ring) 1 afford to give, do without; dispense with (spared me ten minutes). 2 a refrain from killing, hurting, etc. B abstain from inflicting (spare me this task). 3 be frugal or grudging of (no expense spared). ~ go spare colloq. Become very angry or distraught. Not spare oneself exert one's utmost efforts. Spare a person's life not kill him or her. To spare left over; additional (an hour to spare). ~ sparely adv. Spareness n. [old english]

Spare part  n. Duplicate, esp. As a replacement.

Spare-rib  n. Closely-trimmed ribs of esp. Pork. [low german ribbesper, associated with +spare]

Spare time  n. Leisure.

Spare tyre  n. Colloq. Roll of fat round the waist.

Sparing  adj. 1 frugal; economical. 2 restrained. ~ sparingly adv.

Spark  —n. 1 fiery particle thrown from a fire, alight in ashes, or produced by a flint, match, etc. 2 (often foll. By of) small amount (spark of interest). 3  a flash of light between electric conductors etc. B this serving to ignite the explosive mixture in an internal-combustion engine. 4 a flash of wit etc. B (also bright spark) witty or lively person. —v. 1 emit a spark or sparks. 2 (often foll. By off) stir into activity; initiate. ~ sparky adj. [old english]

Sparkle  —v. (-ling) 1 a emit or seem to emit sparks; glitter, glisten. B be witty; scintillate. 2 (of wine etc.) Effervesce. —n. 1 glitter. 2 lively quality (the song lacks sparkle). ~ sparkly adj.

Sparkler  n. 1 hand-held sparkling firework. 2 colloq. Diamond.

Spark-plug  n. (also sparking-plug) device for making a spark in an internal-combustion engine.

Sparring partner  n. 1 boxer employed to spar with another as training. 2 person with whom one enjoys arguing.

Sparrow  n. Small brownish-grey bird. [old english]

Sparrowhawk  n. Small hawk.

Sparse  adj. Thinly dispersed or scattered. ~ sparsely adv. Sparseness n. Sparsity n. [latin spargo spars- scatter]

Spartan  —adj. 1 of sparta in ancient greece. 2 austere, rigorous, frugal. —n. Citizen of sparta. [latin]

Spasm  n. 1 sudden involuntary muscular contraction. 2 convulsive movement or emotion etc. 3 (usu. Foll. By of) colloq. Brief spell. [greek spasma from spao pull]

Spasmodic  adj. Of or in spasms, intermittent. ~ spasmodically adv. [greek: related to +spasm]

Spastic  —adj. Of or having cerebral palsy. —n. 1 spastic person. 2 slang offens. Stupid or incompetent person. [greek: related to +spasm]

Spat1  past and past part. Of +spit1.

Spat2  n. (usu. In pl.) Hist. Short gaiter covering a shoe. [abbreviation of spatterdash: related to +spatter]

Spat3  n. Colloq. Petty or brief quarrel. [probably imitative]

Spat4  n. Spawn of shellfish, esp. The oyster. [anglo-french, of unknown origin]

Spate  n. 1 river-flood (river in spate). 2 unexpected occurrence of similar events (spate of car thefts). [origin unknown]

Spathe  n. Large bract(s) enveloping a flower-cluster. [greek spathe broad blade]

Spatial  adj. Of space. ~ spatially adv. [latin: related to +space]

Spatter  —v. Splash or scatter in drips. —n. 1 splash. 2 pattering. [imitative]

Spatula  n. Broad-bladed flexible implement used for spreading, stirring, mixing paints, etc. [latin diminutive: related to +spathe]

Spawn  —v. 1 a (of a fish, frog, etc.) Produce (eggs). B be produced as eggs or young. 2 produce or generate in large numbers. —n. 1 eggs of fish, frogs, etc. 2 mycelium of mushrooms or other fungi. [anglo-french espaundre: related to +expand]

Spay  v. Sterilize (a female animal) by removing the ovaries. [anglo-french: related to +épée]

Speak  v. (past spoke; past part. Spoken) 1 utter words in an ordinary voice. 2 utter (words, the truth, etc.). 3 a converse; talk (spoke to her earlier; had to speak to the children about rudeness). B (foll. By of, about) mention in writing etc. C (foll. By for) act as spokesman for. 4 (foll. By to) speak with reference to; support in words (spoke to the resolution). 5 make a speech. 6 use or be able to use (a specified language). 7 a convey an idea (actions speak louder than words). B (usu. Foll. By to) communicate feeling etc.; affect, touch (the sunset spoke to her). ~ generally (or strictly etc.) Speaking in the general (or strict etc.) Sense. Not (or nothing) to speak of not (or nothing) worth mentioning. On speaking terms friendly enough to converse. Speak for itself be sufficient evidence. Speak out (often followed by against) give one's opinion courageously. Speak up 1 speak loudly or freely; speak louder. 2 (followed by for) defend. Speak volumes be very significant. [old english]

-speak  comb. Form jargon (newspeak; computer speak).

Speakeasy  n. (pl. -ies) us hist. Slang place where alcoholic liquor was sold illicitly.

Speaker  n. 1 person who speaks, esp. In public. 2 person who speaks a specified language (esp. In comb.: a french-speaker). 3 (speaker) presiding officer in a legislative assembly, esp. The house of commons. 4 = +loudspeaker.

Speaking clock  n. Telephone service announcing the correct time.

Spear  —n. 1 thrusting or throwing weapon with a long shaft and a pointed usu. Steel tip. 2 a tip and stem of asparagus, broccoli, etc. B blade of grass etc. —v. Pierce or strike (as) with a spear. [old english]

Spearhead  —n. 1 point of a spear. 2 person or group leading an attack etc. —v. Act as the spearhead of (an attack etc.).

Spearmint  n. Common garden mint, used in cookery and to flavour chewing-gum etc.

Spearwort  n. Aquatic plant with narrow spear-shaped leaves and yellow flowers.

Spec1  n. Colloq. Speculation. ~ on spec as a gamble. [abbreviation]

Spec2  n. Colloq. Detailed working description; specification. [abbreviation of +specification]

Special  —adj. 1 a exceptional. B peculiar; specific. 2 for a particular purpose. 3 for children with special needs (special school). —n. Special constable, train, edition of a newspaper, dish on a menu, etc. ~ specially adv. Specialness n. [latin: related to +species]

Special branch  n. Police department dealing with political security.

Special constable  n. Person trained to assist the police in routine duties or in an emergency.

Special correspondent  n. Journalist writing on special events or a special subject.

Special delivery  n. Delivery of mail outside the normal delivery schedule.

Special edition  n. Extra late edition of a newspaper.

Special effects  n.pl. Illusions created by props, camera-work, etc.

Specialist  n. 1 person trained in a particular branch of a profession, esp. Medicine. 2 person who specially studies a subject or area.

Speciality  n. (pl. -ies) 1 special subject, product, activity, etc. 2 special feature or skill.

Specialize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 (often foll. By in) a be or become a specialist. B devote oneself to an interest, skill, etc. (specializes in insulting people). 2 (esp. In passive) adapt for a particular purpose (specialized organs). 3 (as specialized adj.) Of a specialist (specialized work). ~ specialization n. [french: related to +special]

Special licence  n. Licence allowing immediate marriage without banns.

Special pleading  n. Biased reasoning.

Specialty  n. (pl. -ies) esp. Us = +speciality.

Specie  n. Coin as opposed to paper money. [related to +species]

Species  n. (pl. Same) 1 class of things having some common characteristics. 2 group of animals or plants within a genus, differing only slightly from others and capable of interbreeding. 3 kind, sort. [latin specio look]

Specific  —adj. 1 clearly defined (a specific purpose). 2 relating to a particular subject; peculiar. 3 exact, giving full details (was specific about his wishes). 4 archaic (of medicine etc.) Having a distinct effect in curing a certain disease. —n. 1 archaic specific medicine or remedy. 2 specific aspect or factor (discussed specifics; from the general to the specific). ~ specifically adv. Specificity n. [latin: related to +species]

Specification  n. 1 act of specifying. 2 (esp. In pl.) Detail of the design and materials etc. Of work done or to be done. [medieval latin: related to +specify]

Specific gravity  n. = +relative density.

Specific heat capacity  n. Heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount (usu. One degree).

Specify  v. (-ies, -ied) 1 (also absol.) Name or mention expressly or as a condition (specified a two-hour limit). 2 include in specifications. [latin: related to +specific]

Specimen  n. 1 individual or sample taken as an example of a class or whole, esp. In experiments etc. 2 sample of urine for testing. 3 colloq. Usu. Derog. Person of a specified sort. [latin specio look]

Specious  adj. Plausible but wrong (specious argument). [latin: related to +species]

Speck  —n. 1 small spot or stain. 2 particle. —v. (esp. As specked adj.) Marked with specks. [old english]

Speckle  —n. Speck, esp. One of many markings. —v. (-ling) (esp. As speckled adj.) Mark with speckles. [dutch spekkel]

Specs  n.pl. Colloq. Spectacles. [abbreviation]

Spectacle  n. 1 striking, impressive, or ridiculous sight. 2 public show. 3 object of public attention. [latin specio spect- look]

Spectacled  adj. Wearing spectacles.

Spectacles  n.pl. Pair of lenses in a frame resting on the nose and ears, used to correct defective eyesight.

Spectacular  —adj. Striking, impressive, lavish. —n. Spectacular show. ~ spectacularly adv.

Spectator  n. Person who watches a show, game, incident, etc. ~ spectate v. (-ting) informal. [latin: related to +spectacle]

Spectator sport  n. Sport attracting many spectators.

Specter  n. (brit. Spectre) 1 ghost. 2 haunting presentiment (spectre of war). [latin spectrum from specio look]

Spectra  pl. Of +spectrum.

Spectral  adj. 1 of or like a spectre; ghostly. 2 of the spectrum or spectra. ~ spectrally adv.

Spectre  n. (us specter) 1 ghost. 2 haunting presentiment (spectre of war). [latin spectrum from specio look]

Spectrometer  n. Instrument for measuring observed spectra.

Spectroscope  n. Instrument for recording spectra for examination. ~ spectroscopic adj. Spectroscopy n.

Spectrum  n. (pl. -tra) 1 band of colours as seen in a rainbow etc. 2 entire or wide range of a subject, emotion, etc. 3 distribution of electromagnetic radiation in which the parts are arranged according to wavelength. [latin specio look]

Specula  pl. Of +speculum.

Speculate  v. (-ting) 1 (usu. Foll. By on, upon, about) theorize, conjecture. 2 deal in a commodity or asset in the hope of profiting from fluctuating prices. ~ speculation n. Speculative adj. Speculator n. [latin specula watch-tower, from specio look]

Speculum  n. (pl. -la) 1 instrument for dilating orifices of the body. 2 mirror of polished metal in a telescope. [latin, = mirror]

Sped  past and past part. Of +speed.

Speech  n. 1 faculty, act, or manner of speaking. 2 formal public address. 3 language of a nation, group, etc. [old english: related to +speak]

Speech day  n. School celebration with speeches, prize-giving, etc.

Speechify  v. (-ies, -ied) joc. Make esp. Boring or long speeches.

Speechless  adj. Temporarily silent because of emotion etc.

Speech therapy  n. Treatment for defective speech.

Speed  —n. 1 rapidity of movement. 2 rate of progress or motion. 3 gear appropriate to a range of speeds of a bicycle. 4 photog. A sensitivity of film to light. B light-gathering power of a lens. C duration of an exposure. 5 slang amphetamine drug. 6 archaic success, prosperity. —v. (past and past part. Sped) 1 go or send quickly. 2 (past and past part. Speeded) travel at an illegal or dangerous speed. 3 archaic be or make prosperous or successful. ~ at speed moving quickly. Speed up move or work faster. ~ speeder n. [old english]

Speedboat  n. High-speed motor boat.

Speed limit  n. Maximum permitted speed on a road etc.

Speedo  n. (pl. -s) colloq. = +speedometer. [abbreviation]

Speedometer  n. Instrument on a vehicle indicating its speed.

Speedway  n. 1 a motor-cycle racing. B arena for this. 2 us road or track for fast traffic.

Speedwell  n. Small plant with bright blue flowers. [from +speed, +well1]

Speedy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 rapid. 2 done without delay; prompt. ~ speedily adv. Speediness n.

Speleology  n. The study of caves. [greek spelaion cave]

Spell1  v. (past and past part. Spelt or spelled) 1 (also absol.) Write or name correctly the letters of (a word etc.). 2 a (of letters) form (a word etc.). B result in (spell ruin). ~ spell out 1 make out (words etc.) Letter by letter. 2 explain in detail. ~ speller n. [french espeller related to +spell2]

Spell2  n. 1 words used as a charm or incantation etc. 2 effect of these. 3 fascination exercised by a person, activity, etc. [old english]

Spell3  n. 1 short or fairly short period (a cold spell). 2 period of some activity or work. [old english, = substitute]

Spellbind  v. (past and past part. Spellbound) 1 (esp. As spellbinding adj.) Hold the attention as if with a spell; entrance. 2 (as spellbound adj.) Entranced, fascinated.

Spelling  n. 1 way a word is spelt. 2 ability to spell.

Spelt1  past and past part. Of +spell1.

Spelt2  n. A kind of wheat giving very fine flour. [old english]

Spend  v. (past and past part. Spent) 1 pay out (money). 2 a use or consume (time or energy). B use up (material etc.). 3 (as spent adj.) Having lost its original force or strength; exhausted. ~ spend a penny colloq. Go to the lavatory. ~ spender n. [latin: related to +expend]

Spendthrift  —n. Extravagant person. —adj. Extravagant.

Sperm  n. (pl. Same or -s) 1 = +spermatozoon. 2 semen. [greek sperma -mat-]

Spermaceti  n. White waxy substance from the sperm whale, used for ointments etc. [medieval latin, = whale sperm]

Spermatozoon  n. (pl. -zoa) mature sex cell in semen. [from +sperm, greek zoion animal]

Sperm bank  n. Store of semen for artificial insemination.

Sperm count  n. Number of spermatozoa in one ejaculation or a measured amount of semen.

Spermicide  n. Substance able to kill spermatozoa. ~ spermicidal adj.

Sperm whale  n. Large whale yielding spermaceti.

Spew  v. (also spue) 1 (often foll. By up) vomit. 2 (often foll. By out) (cause to) gush. [old english]

Sphagnum  n. (pl. -na) (in full sphagnum moss) moss growing in bogs, used as packing etc. [greek sphagnos]

Sphere  n. 1 solid figure with every point on its surface equidistant from its centre; its surface. 2 ball, globe. 3 a field of action, influence, etc. B social class. 4 hist. Each of the revolving shells in which celestial bodies were thought to be set. [greek sphaira ball]

Spherical  adj. 1 shaped like a sphere. 2 of spheres. ~ spherically adv.

Spheroid  n. Spherelike but not perfectly spherical body. ~ spheroidal adj.

Sphincter  n. Ring of muscle surrounding and closing an opening in the body. [greek sphiggo bind tight]

Sphinx  n. 1 (sphinx) (in greek mythology) winged monster with a woman's head and a lion's body, whose riddle oedipus guessed. 2 antiq. A ancient egyptian stone figure with a lion's body and a human or animal head.

Spice  —n. 1 aromatic or pungent vegetable substance used to flavour food. 2 spices collectively. 3 a piquant quality. B (foll. By of) slight flavour or suggestion. —v. (-cing) 1 flavour with spice. 2 (foll. By with) enhance (spiced with wit). [french espice]

Spick and span  adj. 1 neat and clean. 2 smart and new. [earlier span and span new, fresh and new like a shaved chip]

Spicy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of or flavoured with spice. 2 piquant; sensational, improper. ~ spiciness n.

Spider  n. Eight-legged arthropod of which many species spin webs esp. To capture insects as food. [old english: related to +spin]

Spider crab  n. Crab with long thin legs.

Spider monkey  n. Monkey with long limbs and a prehensile tail.

Spider plant  n. House plant with long narrow striped leaves.

Spidery  adj. Elongated and thin (spidery handwriting).

Spiel  n. Slang glib speech or story; sales pitch. [german, = game]

Spigot  n. 1 small peg or plug, esp. In a cask. 2 device for controlling the flow of liquid in a tap. [related to +spike2]

Spike1  —n. 1 a sharp point. B pointed piece of metal, esp. The top of an iron railing. 2 a metal point in the sole of a running-shoe to prevent slipping. B (in pl.) Spiked running-shoes. 3 pointed metal rod used for filing rejected news items. 4 large nail. —v. (-king) 1 put spikes on or into. 2 fix on a spike. 3 colloq. A lace (a drink) with alcohol etc. B contaminate with something added. 4 colloq. Reject (a newspaper story). ~ spike a person's guns spoil his or her plans. [low german or dutch: related to +spoke1]

Spike2  n. Cluster of flower-heads on a long stem. [latin spica]

Spikenard  n. 1 tall sweet-smelling indian plant. 2 hist. Perfumed ointment formerly made from this. [medieval latin spica nardi]

Spiky  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 like a spike; having or sticking up in spikes. 2 colloq. Touchy, irritable. ~ spikily adv. Spikiness n.

Spill1  —v. (past and past part. Spilt or spilled) 1 fall or run or cause (liquid, powder, etc.) To fall or run out of a container, esp. Accidentally. 2 a throw from a vehicle, saddle, etc. B (foll. By into, out etc.) (esp. Of a crowd) leave a place quickly. 3 slang disclose (information etc.). 4 shed (blood). —n. 1 spilling or being spilt. 2 tumble, esp. From a horse, bicycle, etc. ~ spill the beans colloq. Divulge information etc. Spill over overflow. ~ spillage n. [old english]

Spill2  n. Thin strip of wood or paper etc. For lighting a fire, pipe, etc. [low german or dutch]

Spillikin  n. 1 splinter of wood etc. 2 (in pl.) Game in which thin rods are removed one at a time from a heap without moving the others. [from +spill2]

Spillway  n. Passage for surplus water from a dam.

Spin  —v. (-nn-; past and past part. Spun) 1 (cause to) turn or whirl round quickly. 2 (also absol.) A draw out and twist (wool, cotton, etc.) Into threads. B make (yarn) in this way. 3 (of a spider, silkworm, etc.) Make (a web, cocoon, etc.) By extruding a fine viscous thread. 4 (esp. Of the head) be dizzy through excitement etc. 5 tell or write (a story etc.). 6 (as spun adj.) Made into threads (spun glass; spun gold). 7 toss (a coin). 8 = spin-dry (+spin-drier). —n. 1 spinning motion; whirl. 2 rotating dive of an aircraft. 3  secondary twisting motion, e.g. Of a ball in flight. 4 colloq. Brief drive, esp. In a car. ~ spin out prolong. Spin a yarn tell a story. [old english]

Spina bifida  n. Congenital spinal defect in which part of the spinal cord protrudes. [latin, = cleft spine]

Spinach  n. Green vegetable with edible leaves. [french espinache]

Spinal  adj. Of the spine. [latin: related to +spine]

Spinal column  n. Spine.

Spinal cord  n. Cylindrical nervous structure within the spine.

Spin bowler  n. Cricket bowler who imparts spin to a ball.

Spindle  n. 1 slender rod or bar, often tapered, for twisting and winding thread. 2 pin or axis that revolves or on which something revolves. 3 turned piece of wood used as a banister, chair leg, etc. [old english: related to +spin]

Spindle tree  n. Tree with hard wood used for spindles.

Spindly  adj. (-ier, -iest) long or tall and thin; thin and weak.

Spin-drier  n. (also spin-dryer) machine for drying clothes by spinning them in a rapidly revolving drum. ~ spin-dry v.

Spindrift  n. Spray on the surface of the sea. [scots var. Of spoondrift from obsolete spoon scud]

Spine  n. 1 vertebrae extending from the skull to the coccyx; backbone. 2 needle-like outgrowth of an animal or plant. 3 part of a book enclosing the page-fastening. 4 sharp ridge or projection. [latin spina]

Spine-chiller  n. Frightening and usu. Exciting story, film, etc. ~ spine-chilling adj.

Spineless  adj. 1 having no spine; invertebrate. 2 lacking resolve, feeble.

Spinet  n. Hist. Small harpsichord with oblique strings. [italian spinetta]

Spinnaker  n. Large triangular sail opposite the mainsail of a racing-yacht. [sphinx, name of the yacht first using it]

Spinner  n. 1 spin bowler. 2 person or thing that spins, esp. A manufacturer engaged in cotton-spinning. 3 revolving bait.

Spinneret  n. 1 spinning-organ in a spider etc. 2 device for forming synthetic fibre.

Spinney  n. (pl. -s) small wood; thicket. [latin spinetum from spina thorn]

Spinning-jenny  n. Hist. Machine for spinning fibres with more than one spindle at a time.

Spinning wheel  n. Household device for spinning yarn or thread, with a spindle driven by a wheel with a crank or treadle.

Spin-off  n. Incidental result or benefit, esp. From technology.

Spinster  n. 1 formal unmarried woman. 2 woman, esp. Elderly, thought unlikely to marry. ~ spinsterish adj. [originally = woman who spins]

Spiny  adj. (-ier, -iest) having many spines.

Spiny anteater  n.  = +echidna.

Spiraea  n. (us spirea) shrub with clusters of small white or pink flowers. [greek: related to +spiral]

Spiral  —adj. 1 coiled in a plane or as round a cylinder or cone. 2 having this shape. —n. 1 spiral curve or thing (spiral of smoke). 2 progressive rise or fall of two or more quantities alternately because each depends on the other(s). —v. (-ll-; us -l-) 1 move in a spiral course. 2 (of prices, wages, etc.) Rise or fall continuously. ~ spirally adv. [greek speira coil]

Spiral staircase  n. Circular staircase round a central axis.

Spirant  —adj. Uttered with a continuous expulsion of breath. —n. Such a consonant. [latin spiro breathe]

Spire  n. 1 tapering structure, esp. On a church tower. 2 any tapering thing. [old english]

Spirea  n. (brit. Spiraea) shrub with clusters of small white or pink flowers. [greek: related to +spiral]

Spirit  —n. 1 person's essence or intelligence; soul. 2 a rational or intelligent being without a material body. B ghost. 3 a person's character (an unbending spirit). B attitude (took it in the wrong spirit). C type of person (is a free spirit; a kindred spirit). D prevailing tendency (spirit of the age). 4 a (usu. In pl.) Strong distilled liquor, e.g. Whisky or gin. B distilled volatile liquid (wood spirit). C purified alcohol (methylated spirit). 5 a courage, vivacity. B (in pl.) State of mind, mood (in high spirits; his spirits were dashed). 6 essential as opposed to formal meaning (the spirit of the law). —v. (-t-) (usu. Foll. By away, off, etc.) Convey rapidly or mysteriously. ~ in spirit inwardly. [latin spiritus: related to +spirant]

Spirited  adj. 1 lively, courageous. 2 (in comb.) In a specified mood (high-spirited). ~ spiritedly adv.

Spirit gum  n. Quick-drying gum for attaching false hair.

Spirit-lamp  n. Lamp burning methylated spirit etc. Instead of oil.

Spiritless  adj. Lacking vigour.

Spirit-level  n. Device with a glass tube nearly filled with alcohol, used to test horizontality.

Spiritual  —adj. 1 of the spirit or soul (spiritual relationship; spiritual home). 2 religious, divine, inspired. 3 refined, sensitive. —n. (also negro spiritual) religious song orig. Of american blacks. ~ spirituality n. Spiritually adv.

Spiritualism  n. Belief in, and supposed practice of, communication with the dead, esp. Through mediums. ~ spiritualist n. Spiritualistic adj.

Spirituous  adj. 1 very alcoholic. 2 distilled as well as fermented.

Spirochaete  n. Any of various flexible spiral-shaped bacteria. [latin from greek speira coil, khaite long hair]

Spirogyra  n. Freshwater alga containing spiral bands of chlorophyll. [greek speira coil, guros round]

Spit1  —v. (-tt-; past and past part. Spat or spit) 1 a (also absol.) Eject (esp. Saliva) from the mouth. B do this in contempt or anger. 2 utter vehemently. 3 (of a fire, gun, etc.) Throw out with an explosion. 4 (of rain) fall lightly. 5 make a spitting noise. —n. 1 spittle. 2 act of spitting. ~ spit it out colloq. Say it quickly and concisely. [old english]

Spit2  —n. 1 rod for skewering meat for roasting on a fire etc. 2 point of land projecting into the sea. —v. (-tt-) pierce (as) with a spit. [old english]

Spit and polish  n. Colloq. Esp. Military cleaning and polishing.

Spite  —n. Ill will, malice. —v. (-ting) hurt, harm, or frustrate (a person) through spite. ~ in spite of notwithstanding. [french: related to +despite]

Spiteful  adj. Malicious. ~ spitefully adv.

Spitfire  n. Person of fiery temper.

Spit-roast  v. Roast on a spit.

Spitting distance  n. Colloq. Very short distance.

Spitting image  n. (foll. By of) colloq. Double of (a person).

Spittle  n. Saliva. [related to +spit1]

Spittoon  n. Vessel to spit into.

Spiv  n. Colloq. Man, esp. A flashily-dressed one, living from shady dealings. ~ spivvish adj. Spivvy adj. [origin unknown]

Splash  —v. 1 scatter or cause (liquid) to scatter in drops. 2 wet with spattered liquid etc. 3 a (usu. Foll. By across, along, about, etc.) Move while spattering liquid etc. B jump or fall into water etc. With a splash. 4 display (news) prominently. 5 decorate with scattered colour. 6 spend (money) ostentatiously. —n. 1 act or noise of splashing. 2 quantity of liquid splashed. 3 mark etc. Made by splashing. 4 prominent news feature, display, etc. 5 patch of colour. 6 colloq. Small quantity of soda water etc. (in drink). ~ make a splash attract attention. Splash out colloq. Spend money freely. ~ splashy adj. (-ier, -iest). [imitative]

Splashback  n. Panel behind a sink etc. To protect the wall from splashes.

Splashdown  n. Landing of a spacecraft on the sea. ~ splash down v.

Splat  colloq. —n. Sharp splattering sound. —adv. With a splat. —v. (-tt-) fall or hit with a splat. [abbreviation of +splatter]

Splatter  —v. Splash esp. With a continuous noisy action; spatter. —n. Noisy splashing sound. [imitative]

Splay  —v. 1 spread apart. 2 (of an opening) have its sides diverging. 3 construct (an opening) with divergent sides. —n. Surface at an oblique angle to another. —adj. Splayed. [from +display]

Spleen  n. 1 abdominal organ regulating the quality of the blood. 2 moroseness, irritability (from the earlier belief that the spleen was the seat of such feelings). [greek splen]

Spleenwort  n. Evergreen fern formerly used as a remedy.

Splendid  adj. 1 magnificent, sumptuous. 2 impressive, glorious, dignified (splendid isolation). 3 excellent; fine. ~ splendidly adv. [latin: related to +splendour]

Splendiferous  adj. Colloq. Splendid. [from +splendour]

Splendor  n. (brit. Splendour) dazzling brightness; magnificence. [latin splendeo shine]

Splendour  n. (us splendor) dazzling brightness; magnificence. [latin splendeo shine]

Splenetic  adj. Bad-tempered; peevish. ~ splenetically adv. [latin: related to +spleen]

Splenic  adj. Of or in the spleen. [latin from greek: related to +spleen]

Splice  —v. (-cing) 1 join (ropes) by interweaving strands. 2 join (pieces of wood or tape etc.) By overlapping. 3 (esp. As spliced adj.) Colloq. Join in marriage. —n. Join made by splicing. ~ splice the main brace naut. Hist. Slang issue an extra tot of rum. [probably dutch splissen]

Splint  —n. Strip of wood etc. Bound to a broken limb while it sets. —v. Secure with a splint. [low german or dutch]

Splinter  —n. Small sharp fragment of wood, stone, glass, etc. —v. Break into splinters; shatter. ~ splintery adj. [dutch: related to +splint]

Splinter group  n. Breakaway political group.

Split  —v. (-tt-; past and past part. Split) 1 a break, esp. With the grain or into halves; break forcibly. B (often foll. By up) divide into parts, esp. Equal shares (they split the money). 2 (often foll. By off, away) remove or be removed by breaking or dividing. 3 a (usu. Foll. By on, over, etc.) Divide into disagreeing or hostile parties (split on the question of picketing). B (foll. By with) quarrel or cease association with. 4 cause the fission of (an atom). 5 slang leave, esp. Suddenly. 6 (usu. Foll. By on) colloq. Inform. 7 a (as splitting adj.) (of a headache) severe. B (of the head) suffer from a severe headache, noise, etc. —n. 1 act or result of splitting. 2 disagreement; schism. 3 (in pl.) Feat of leaping in the air or sitting down with the legs at right angles to the body in front and behind or on either side. 4 dish of split bananas etc. With ice-cream. ~ split the difference take the average of two proposed amounts. Split hairs make insignificant distinctions. Split one's sides laugh uncontrollably. Split up separate, end a relationship. [dutch]

Split infinitive  n. Infinitive with an adverb etc. Inserted between to and the verb.

Split-level  adj. (of a room etc.) With more than one level.

Split pea  n. Pea dried and split in half for cooking.

Split personality  n. Condition in which a person seems to have two alternating personalities.

Split pin  n. Metal cotter passed through a hole and held by the pressing back of the two ends.

Split-screen  n. Screen on which two or more separate images are displayed.

Split second  —n. 1 very brief moment. 2 (of timing) very accurate. —attrib. Adj. (split-second) 1 very rapid. 2 (of timing) very accurate.

Splodge  colloq. —n. Daub, blot, or smear. —v. (-ging) make a splodge on. ~ splodgy adj. [alteration of +splotch]

Splosh  colloq. —v. Move with a splashing sound. —n. 1 splashing sound. 2 splash of water etc. [imitative]

Splotch  n. & v. = +splodge. ~ splotchy adj. [origin uncertain]

Splurge  colloq. —n. 1 sudden extravagance. 2 ostentatious display or effort. —v. (-ging) (usu. Foll. By on) spend large sums of money or make a great effort. [probably imitative]

Splutter  —v. 1 a speak, say, or express in a choking manner. B emit spitting sounds. 2 speak rapidly or incoherently. —n. Spluttering speech or sound. [from +sputter]

Spoil  —v. (past and past part. Spoilt or spoiled) 1 a make or become useless or unsatisfactory. B reduce the enjoyment etc. Of (the news spoiled his dinner). 2 make (esp. A child) unpleasant by over-indulgence. 3 (of food) go bad. 4 render (a ballot-paper) invalid by improper marking. —n. (usu. In pl.) 1 plunder, stolen goods. 2 profit or advantage from success or position. ~ be spoiling for aggressively seek (a fight etc.). Spoilt for choice having so many choices that it is difficult to choose. [latin spolio]

Spoilage  n. 1 paper spoilt in printing. 2 spoiling of food etc. By decay.

Spoiler  n. 1 retarding device on an aircraft, interrupting the air flow. 2 similar device on a vehicle to increase contact with the ground at speed.

Spoilsport  n. Person who spoils others' enjoyment.

Spoilt  past and past part. Of +spoil.

Spoke1  n. Each of the rods running from the hub to the rim of a wheel. ~ put a spoke in a person's wheel thwart or hinder a person. ~ spoked adj. [old english]

Spoke2  past of +speak.

Spoken  past part. Of +speak. —adj. (in comb.) Speaking in a specified way (well-spoken). ~ spoken for claimed (this seat is spoken for).

Spokeshave  n. Tool for planing curved surfaces. [from +spoke1]

Spokesman  n. (fem. Spokeswoman) person speaking for a group etc. [from +spoke2]

Spokesperson  n. (pl. -s or -people) spokesman or spokeswoman.

Spoliation  n. Plundering, pillage. [latin: related to +spoil]

Spondee  n. Metrical foot consisting of two long syllables (&spondee.). ~ spondaic adj. [greek sponde libation, with which songs in this metre were associated]

Sponge  —n. 1 sea animal with a porous body wall and a rigid internal skeleton. 2 this skeleton or a piece of porous rubber etc. Used in bathing, cleaning, etc. 3 thing like a sponge in consistency etc., esp. A sponge cake. 4 act of sponging. —v. (-ging) 1 wipe or cleanse with a sponge. 2 (often foll. By out, away, etc.) Wipe off or efface (as) with a sponge. 3 (often foll. By up) absorb (as) with a sponge. 4 (often foll. By on, off) live as a parasite. ~ spongiform adj. (esp. In senses 1, 2 of the n.). [latin spongia]

Sponge bag  n. Waterproof bag for toilet articles.

Sponge cake  n. Light spongy cake.

Sponge pudding  n. Light spongy pudding.

Sponger  n. Parasitic person.

Sponge rubber  n. Porous rubber.

Spongy  adj. (-ier, -iest) like a sponge, porous, elastic, absorbent. ~ sponginess n.

Sponsor  —n. 1 person who pledges money to a charity etc. In return for another person fulfilling a sporting etc. Challenge. 2 a patron of an artistic or sporting activity etc. B company etc. Supporting a broadcast in return for advertising time. 3 person who introduces legislation. 4 godparent at a baptism or (esp. Rc ch.) Person who presents a candidate for baptism. —v. Be a sponsor for. ~ sponsorial adj. Sponsorship n. [latin spondeo spons- pledge]

Spontaneous  adj. 1 acting, done, or occurring without external cause. 2 instinctive, automatic, natural. 3 (of style or manner) gracefully natural. ~ spontaneity n. Spontaneously adv. [latin sponte of one's own accord]

Spontaneous combustion  n. Ignition of a substance from internal heat.

Spoof  n. & v. Colloq. 1 parody. 2 hoax, swindle. [invented word]

Spook  —n. Colloq. Ghost. —v. Esp. Us frighten, unnerve. [low german or dutch]

Spooky  adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. Ghostly, eerie. ~ spookily adv. Spookiness n.

Spool  —n. 1 reel for winding magnetic tape, yarn, etc., on. 2 revolving cylinder of an angler's reel. —v. Wind on a spool. [french espole or germanic spole]

Spoon  —n. 1 a utensil with a bowl and a handle for lifting food to the mouth, stirring, etc. B spoonful, esp. Of sugar. 2 spoon-shaped thing, esp. (in full spoon-bait) a revolving metal fish-lure. —v. 1 (often foll. By up, out) take (liquid etc.) With a spoon. 2 hit (a ball) feebly upwards. 3 colloq. Kiss and cuddle. ~ spoonful n. (pl. -s). [old english]

Spoonbill  n. Wading bird with a broad flat-tipped bill.

Spoonerism  n. (usu. Accidental) transposition of the initial letters etc. Of two or more words. [spooner, name of a scholar]

Spoonfeed  v. (past and past part. -fed) 1 feed with a spoon. 2 give such extensive help etc. To (a person) that he or she need make no effort.

Spoor  n. Animal's track or scent. [dutch]

Sporadic  adj. Occurring only sparsely or occasionally. ~ sporadically adv. [greek sporas -ad- scattered]

Spore  n. Reproductive cell of many plants and micro-organisms. [greek spora seed]

Sporran  n. Pouch worn in front of the kilt. [gaelic sporan]

Sport  —n. 1 a game or competitive activity, usu. Played outdoors and involving physical exertion, e.g. Cricket, football, racing. B these collectively. 2 (in pl.) Meeting for competing in sports, esp. Athletics. 3 amusement, fun. 4 colloq. A fair, generous, or sporting person. B person with a specified attitude to games, rules, etc. 5 animal or plant deviating from the normal type. —v. 1 amuse oneself, play about. 2 wear or exhibit, esp. Ostentatiously. ~ in sport jestingly. Make sport of ridicule. [from +disport]

Sporting  adj. 1 interested or concerned in sport. 2 generous, fair. ~ a sporting chance some possibility of success. ~ sportingly adv.

Sportive  adj. Playful.

Sports car  n. Low-built fast car.

Sports coat  n. (also sports jacket) man's informal jacket.

Sports ground  n. Piece of land used for sports.

Sportsman  n. (fem. Sportswoman) 1 person who takes part in sport, esp. Professionally. 2 fair and generous person. ~ sportsmanlike adj. Sportsmanship n.

Sportswear  n. Clothes for sports or informal wear.

Sporty  adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. 1 fond of sport. 2 rakish, showy. ~ sportily adv. Sportiness n.

Spot  —n. 1 small roundish area or mark differing in colour, texture, etc., from the surface it is on. 2 pimple or blemish. 3 moral blemish or stain. 4 particular place, locality. 5 particular part of one's body or aspect of one's character. 6 colloq. One's esp. Regular position in an organization, programme, etc. 7 a colloq. Small quantity (spot of trouble). B drop (spot of rain). 8 = +spotlight. 9 (usu. Attrib.) Money paid or goods delivered immediately after a sale (spot cash). —v. (-tt-) 1 colloq. Pick out, recognize, catch sight of. 2 watch for and take note of (trains, talent, etc.). 3 (as spotted adj.) Marked or decorated with spots. 4 make spots, rain slightly. ~ in a spot (or in a tight etc. Spot) colloq. In difficulty. On the spot 1 at the scene of an event. 2 colloq. In a position demanding response or action. 3 without delay. 4 without moving forwards or backwards (running on the spot). [perhaps from low german or dutch]

Spot check  n. Sudden or random check.

Spotless  adj. Absolutely clean or pure. ~ spotlessly adv.

Spotlight  —n. 1 beam of light directed on a small area. 2 lamp projecting this. 3 full publicity. —v. (past and past part. -lighted or -lit) 1 direct a spotlight on. 2 draw attention to.

Spot on  adj. Colloq. Precise; on target.

Spotted dick  n. Suet pudding containing currants.

Spotter  n. 1 (often in comb.) Person who spots people or things (train-spotter). 2 (in full spotter plane) aircraft used to locate enemy positions etc.

Spotty  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 marked with spots. 2 patchy, irregular. ~ spottiness n.

Spot-weld  v. Join (two metal surfaces) by welding at discrete points. ~ spot weld n. Spot welder n. Spot welding n.

Spouse  n. Husband or wife. [latin sponsus sponsa betrothed]

Spout  —n. 1 projecting tube or lip used for pouring from a teapot, kettle, jug, etc., or on a fountain, roof-gutter, etc. 2 jet or column of liquid etc. —v. 1 discharge or issue forcibly in a jet. 2 utter or speak at length or pompously. ~ up the spout slang 1 useless, ruined, broken down. 2 pregnant. [dutch]

Sprain  —v. Wrench (an ankle, wrist, etc.), causing pain or swelling. —n. Such a wrench. [origin unknown]

Sprang  past of +spring.

Sprat  n. Small edible marine fish. [old english]

Sprawl  —v. 1 a sit, lie, or fall with limbs flung out untidily. B spread (one's limbs) thus. 2 (of writing, a plant, a town, etc.) Be irregular or straggling. —n. 1 sprawling movement, position, or mass. 2 straggling urban expansion. [old english]

Spray1  —n. 1 water etc. Flying in small drops. 2 liquid sprayed with an aerosol etc. 3 device for this. —v. 1 (also absol.) Throw (liquid) as spray. 2 (also absol.) Sprinkle (an object) thus, esp. With insecticide. 3  (of a tom-cat) mark its environment with urine, to attract females. ~ sprayer n. [origin uncertain]

Spray2  n. 1 sprig of flowers or leaves, or a small branch; decoratively arranged bunch of flowers. 2 ornament in a similar form. [old english]

Spray-gun  n. Device for spraying paint etc.

Spread  —v. (past and past part. Spread) 1 (often foll. By out) a open, extend, or unfold. B cause to cover a surface or larger area. C display thus. 2 (often foll. By out) have a wide, specified, or increasing extent. 3 become or make widely known, felt, etc. (rumours are spreading). 4 a cover (spread the wall with paint). B lay (a table). —n. 1 act of spreading. 2 capability or extent of spreading (has a large spread). 3 diffusion (spread of learning). 4 breadth. 5 increased girth (middle-aged spread). 6 difference between two rates, prices, etc. 7 colloq. Elaborate meal. 8 paste for spreading on bread etc. 9 bedspread. 10 printed matter spread across more than one column. ~ spread oneself be lavish or discursive. Spread one's wings develop one's powers fully. [old english]

Spread eagle  —n. Figure of an eagle with legs and wings extended as an emblem. —v. (spread-eagle) 1 (usu. As spread-eagled adj.) Place (a person) with arms and legs spread out. 2 defeat utterly.

Spreadsheet  n. Computer program for the manipulation and retrieval of esp. Tabulated figures, esp. For accounting.

Spree  n. Colloq. 1 extravagant outing (shopping spree). 2 bout of fun or drinking etc. [origin unknown]

Sprig  —n. 1 small branch or shoot. 2 ornament resembling this, esp. On fabric. —v. (-gg-) ornament with sprigs (sprigged muslin). [low german sprick]

Sprightly  adj. (-ier, -iest) vivacious, lively, brisk. ~ sprightliness n. [from spright, var. Of +sprite]

Spring  —v. (past sprang; past part. Sprung) 1 rise rapidly or suddenly, leap, jump. 2 move rapidly by or as by the action of a spring. 3 (usu. Foll. By from) originate (from ancestors, a source, etc.). 4 act or appear suddenly or unexpectedly (a breeze sprang up; spring to mind; spring to life). 5 (often foll. By on) present (a thing or circumstance etc.) Suddenly or unexpectedly (sprang it on me). 6 slang contrive the escape of (a person from prison etc.). 7 rouse (game) from a covert etc. 8 (usu. As sprung adj.) Provide (a mattress etc.) With springs. —n. 1 jump, leap. 2 recoil. 3 elasticity. 4  elastic device, usu. Of coiled metal, used esp. To drive clockwork or for cushioning in furniture or vehicles. 5 a (often attrib.) The first season of the year, in which new vegetation begins to appear. B (often foll. By of) early stage of life etc. 6 place where water, oil, etc., wells up from the earth; basin or flow so formed. 7 motive for or origin of an action, custom, etc. ~ spring a leak develop a leak. Spring up come into being, appear. ~ springlike adj. [old english]

Spring balance  n. Balance that measures weight by the tension of a spring.

Springboard  n. 1 flexible board for leaping or diving from. 2 source of impetus.

Springbok  n. (pl. Same or -s) s. African gazelle. [afrikaans]

Spring chicken  n. 1 young fowl for eating. 2 youthful person.

Spring-clean  —n. (also spring-cleaning) thorough cleaning of a house, esp. In spring. —v. Clean (a house) thus.

Spring equinox  n. (also vernal equinox) equinox about 20 march.

Springer  n. Small spaniel of a breed used to spring game.

Spring fever  n. Restlessness or lethargy associated with spring.

Spring greens  n.pl. Young cabbage leaves.

Spring onion  n. Young onion eaten raw.

Spring roll  n. Chinese fried pancake filled with vegetables.

Spring tide  n. Tide just after the new and the full moon when there is the greatest difference between high and low water.

Springtime  n. Season of spring.

Springy  adj. (-ier, -iest) springing back quickly when squeezed, bent, or stretched; elastic. ~ springiness n.

Sprinkle  —v. (-ling) 1 scatter in small drops or particles. 2 (often foll. By with) subject to sprinkling with liquid etc. 3 (of liquid etc.) Fall on in this way. 4 distribute in small amounts. —n. (usu. Foll. By of) 1 light shower. 2 = +sprinkling. [origin uncertain]

Sprinkler  n. Device for sprinkling a lawn or extinguishing fires.

Sprinkling  n. Small sparse number or amount.

Sprint  —v. 1 run a short distance at full speed. 2 run (a specified distance) thus. —n. 1 such a run. 2 short burst in cycling, swimming, etc. ~ sprinter n. [old norse]

Sprit  n. Small diagonal spar from the mast to the upper outer corner of a sail. [old english]

Sprite  n. Elf, fairy. [sprit, contraction of +spirit]

Spritsail  n. Sail extended by a sprit.

Spritzer  n. Drink of wine with soda water. [german, = a splash]

Sprocket  n. Each of several teeth on a wheel engaging with links of a chain. [origin unknown]

Sprout  —v. 1 put forth (shoots, hair, etc.). 2 begin to grow. —n. 1 shoot of a plant. 2 = +brussels sprout. [old english]

Spruce1  —adj. Neatly dressed etc.; smart. —v. (-cing) (usu. Foll. By up) make or become smart. ~ sprucely adv. Spruceness n. [perhaps from +spruce2]

Spruce2  n. 1 conifer with dense conical foliage. 2 its wood. [obsolete pruce prussia]

Sprung  see +spring.

Spry  adj. (spryer, spryest) lively, nimble. ~ spryly adv. [origin unknown]

Spud  —n. 1 colloq. Potato. 2 small narrow spade for weeding. —v. (-dd-) (foll. By up, out) remove with a spud. [origin unknown]

Spue  var. Of +spew.

Spumante  n. Italian sparkling white wine. [italian, = sparkling]

Spume  n. & v. (-ming) froth, foam. ~ spumy adj. (-ier, -iest). [latin spuma]

Spun  past and past part. Of +spin.

Spunk  n. 1 colloq. Courage, mettle, spirit. 2 coarse slang semen. 3 touchwood. [origin unknown]

Spunky  adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. Brave, spirited.

Spun silk  n. Cheap material containing waste silk.

Spur  —n. 1 small spike or spiked wheel worn on a rider's heel for urging on a horse. 2 stimulus, incentive. 3 spur-shaped thing, esp.: a a projection from a mountain or mountain range. B a branch road or railway. C a hard projection on a cock's leg. —v. (-rr-) 1 prick (a horse) with spurs. 2 incite or stimulate. ~ on the spur of the moment on impulse. [old english]

Spurge  n. Plant with an acrid milky juice. [latin expurgare to clean out]

Spurious  adj. Not genuine, fake. [latin]

Spurn  v. Reject with disdain or contempt.  [old english]

Spurt  —v. 1 (cause to) gush out in a jet or stream. 2 make a sudden effort. —n. 1 sudden gushing out, jet. 2 short burst of speed, growth, etc. [origin unknown]

Sputnik  n. Russian artificial satellite orbiting the earth. [russian]

Sputter  —v. Make a series of quick explosive sounds, splutter. —n. This sound. [dutch (imitative)]

Sputum  n. (pl. Sputa) 1 saliva. 2 expectorated matter, used esp. In diagnosis. [latin]

Spy  —n. (pl. Spies) 1 person who secretly collects and reports information for a government, company, etc. 2 person watching others secretly. —v. (spies, spied) 1 discern, see. 2 (often foll. By on) act as a spy. 3 (often foll. By into) pry. ~ spy out explore or discover, esp. Secretly. [french espie, espier]

Spyglass  n. Small telescope.

Spyhole  n. Peep-hole.

Sq.  Abbr. Square.

Sqn. Ldr.  Abbr. Squadron leader.

Squab  —n. 1 young (esp. Unfledged) pigeon or other bird. 2 short fat person. 3 stuffed cushion, esp. As part of a car-seat. 4 sofa, ottoman. —adj. Short and fat, squat. [perhaps from scandinavian]

Squabble  —n. Petty or noisy quarrel. —v. (-ling) engage in this. [probably imitative]

Squad  n. 1 small group sharing a task etc., esp. Of soldiers or policemen (drug squad). 2 sport team. [french escouade]

Squad car  n. Police car.

Squaddie  n. (also squaddy) (pl. -ies) slang recruit; private.

Squadron  n. 1 unit of the raf with 10–18 aircraft. 2 detachment of warships employed on a particular duty. 3 organized group etc., esp. A cavalry division of two troops. [italian squadrone: related to +squad]

Squadron leader  n. Commander of an raf squadron, next below wing commander.

Squalid  adj. 1 filthy, dirty. 2 mean or poor in appearance. [latin]

Squall  —n. 1 sudden or violent wind, esp. With rain, snow, or sleet. 2 discordant cry; scream (esp. Of a baby). —v. 1 utter a squall; scream. 2 utter with a squall. ~ squally adj. [probably alteration of +squeal after +bawl]

Squalor  n. Filthy or squalid state. [latin]

Squander  v. Spend wastefully. [origin unknown]

Square  —n. 1 rectangle with four equal sides. 2 object of (approximately) this shape. 3 open (usu. Four-sided) area surrounded by buildings. 4 product of a number multiplied by itself (16 is the square of 4). 5 l- or t-shaped instrument for obtaining or testing right angles. 6 slang conventional or old-fashioned person. —adj. 1 square-shaped. 2 having or in the form of a right angle (square corner). 3 angular, not round. 4 designating a unit of measure equal to the area of a square whose side is one of the unit specified (square metre). 5 (often foll. By with) level, parallel. 6 (usu. Foll. By to) at right angles. 7 sturdy, squat (a man of square frame). 8 arranged; settled (get things square). 9 (also all square) a with no money owed. B (of scores) equal. 10 fair and honest. 11 direct (met with a square refusal). 12 slang conventional or old-fashioned. —adv. 1 squarely (hit me square on the jaw). 2 fairly, honestly. —v. (-ring) 1 make square. 2 multiply (a number) by itself. 3 (usu. Foll. By to, with) adjust; make or be suitable or consistent; reconcile. 4 mark out in squares. 5 settle or pay (a bill etc.). 6 place (one's shoulders etc.) Squarely facing forwards. 7 colloq. Pay or bribe (a person). 8 (also absol.) Make the scores of (a match etc.) Equal. ~ back to square one colloq. Back to the starting-point with no progress made. Out of square not at right angles. Square the circle 1 construct a square equal in area to a given circle. 2 do what is impossible. Square peg in a round hole see +peg. Square up settle an account etc. Square up to 1 move threateningly towards (a person). 2 face and tackle (a difficulty etc.) Resolutely. ~ squarely adv. Squareness n. Squarish adj. [french esquare, latin quadra]

Square-bashing  n. Slang military drill on a barrack-square.

Square brackets  n.pl. Brackets of the form [ ].

Square dance  n. Dance with usu. Four couples facing inwards from four sides.

Square deal  n. Fair bargain or treatment.

Square leg  n. Fielding position in cricket at some distance on the batsman's leg side and nearly opposite the stumps.

Square meal  n. Substantial meal.

Square measure  n. Measure expressed in square units.

Square-rigged  adj. With the principal sails at right angles to the length of the ship.

Square root  n. Number that multiplied by itself gives a specified number.

Squash1  —v. 1 crush or squeeze, esp. Flat or into pulp. 2 (often foll. By into) colloq. Put or make one's way by squeezing. 3 belittle, bully (a person). 4 suppress (a proposal, allegation, etc.). —n. 1 crowd; crowded state. 2 drink made of crushed fruit. 3 (in full squash rackets) game played with rackets and a small ball in a closed court.

Squash2  n. (pl. Same or -es) 1 trailing annual plant. 2 edible gourd of this. [narragansett]

Squat  —v. (-tt-) 1 sit on one's heels or on the ground with the knees drawn up. 2 colloq. Sit down. 3 occupy a building as a squatter. —adj. (squatter, squattest) short and thick, dumpy. —n. 1 squatting posture. 2 place occupied by squatters. [french esquatir flatten]

Squatter  n. Person who inhabits unoccupied premises without permission.

Squaw  n. N. American indian woman or wife. [narragansett]

Squawk  —n. 1 loud harsh cry, esp. Of a bird. 2 complaint. —v. Utter a squawk. [imitative]

Squeak  —n. 1 short high-pitched cry or sound. 2 (also narrow squeak) narrow escape. —v. 1 make a squeak. 2 utter (words) shrilly. 3 (foll. By by, through) colloq. Pass narrowly. 4 slang turn informer. [imitative: related to +squeal, +shriek]

Squeaky  adj. (-ier, -iest) making a squeaking sound. ~ squeakily adv. Squeakiness n.

Squeaky clean  adj. (usu. Hyphenated when attrib.) Colloq. 1 completely clean. 2 above criticism.

Squeal  —n. Prolonged shrill sound or cry. —v. 1 make, or utter with, a squeal. 2 slang turn informer. 3 colloq. Protest vociferously. [imitative]

Squeamish  adj. 1 easily nauseated or disgusted. 2 fastidious. ~ squeamishly adv. Squeamishness n. [anglo-french escoymos]

Squeegee  n. Rubber-edged implement on a handle, for cleaning windows etc. [squeege, alteration of +squeeze]

Squeeze  —v. (-zing) 1 (often foll. By out) a exert pressure on, esp. To extract moisture etc. B extract (moisture) by squeezing. 2 reduce in size or alter in shape by squeezing. 3 force or push into or through a small or narrow space. 4 a harass or pressure (a person). B (usu. Foll. By out of) obtain by extortion, entreaty, etc. 5 press (a person's hand) in sympathy etc. —n. 1 squeezing or being squeezed. 2 close embrace. 3 crowd, crowded state. 4 small quantity produced by squeezing (squeeze of lemon). 5 restriction on borrowing, investment, etc., in a financial crisis. ~ put the squeeze on colloq. Coerce or pressure. [origin unknown]

Squeeze-box  n. Colloq. Accordion or concertina.

Squelch  —v. 1 a make a sucking sound as of treading in thick mud. B move with a squelching sound. 2 disconcert, silence. —n. Act or sound of squelching. ~ squelchy adj. [imitative]

Squib  n. 1 small hissing firework that finally explodes. 2 satirical essay. [perhaps imitative]

Squid  n. (pl. Same or -s) ten-armed marine cephalopod used as food. [origin unknown]

Squidgy  adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. Squashy, soggy. [imitative]

Squiffy  adj. (-ier, -iest) slang slightly drunk. [origin unknown]

Squiggle  n. Short curly line, esp. In handwriting. ~ squiggly adj. [imitative]

Squill  n. Bulbous plant resembling a bluebell. [latin squilla]

Squint  —v. 1 have eyes that do not move together but look in different directions. 2 (often foll. By at) look obliquely or with half-closed eyes. —n. 1 condition causing squinting. 2 stealthy or sidelong glance. 3 colloq. Glance, look. 4 oblique opening in a church wall affording a view of the altar. [obsolete asquint, perhaps from dutch schuinte slant]

Squire  —n. 1 country gentleman, esp. The chief landowner of a district. 2 hist. Knight's attendant. —v. (-ring) (of a man) attend or escort (a woman). [related to +esquire]

Squirearchy  n. (pl. -ies) landowners collectively.

Squirm  —v. 1 wriggle, writhe. 2 show or feel embarrassment. —n. Squirming movement. [imitative]

Squirrel  —n. 1 bushy-tailed usu. Tree-living rodent. 2 its fur. 3 hoarder. —v. (-ll-; us -l-) 1 (often foll. By away) hoard. 2 (often foll. By around) bustle about. [greek skiouros, from skia shade, oura tail]

Squirt  —v. 1 eject (liquid etc.) In a jet. 2 be ejected in this way. 3 splash with a squirted substance. —n. 1 a jet of water etc. B small quantity squirted. 2 syringe. 3 colloq. Insignificant but self-assertive person. [imitative]

Squish  colloq. —n. Slight squelching sound. —v. Move with a squish. ~ squishy adj. (-ier, -iest). [imitative]

Sr  symb. Strontium.

Sr.  Abbr. 1 senior. 2 señor. 3 signor.

Srn  abbr. State registered nurse.

Ss  abbr. 1 steamship. 2 hist. Nazi special police force. 3 saints. [sense 2 from german schutz-staffel]

Sse  abbr. South-south-east.

Ssw  abbr. South-south-west.

St  abbr. Saint.

St.  Abbr. Street.

St.  Abbr. Stone (in weight).

Stab  —v. (-bb-) 1 pierce or wound with a knife etc. 2 (often foll. By at) aim a blow with such a weapon. 3 cause a sensation like being stabbed (stabbing pain). 4 hurt or distress (a person, feelings, etc.). —n. 1 act of stabbing. 2 wound from this. 3 colloq. Attempt. [origin unknown]

Stability  n. Being stable. [latin: related to +stable]

Stabilize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make or become stable. ~ stabilization n.

Stabilizer  n. (also -iser) 1 device used to keep esp. A ship, aircraft, or (in pl.) Child's bicycle stable. 2 food additive for preserving texture.

Stab in the back  —n. Treacherous attack. —v. Betray.

Stable  —adj. (-bler, -blest) 1 firmly fixed or established; not likely to move or change. 2 (of a person) not easily upset or disturbed. —n. 1 building for keeping horses. 2 establishment for training racehorses. 3 racehorses from one stable. 4 persons, products, etc., having a common origin or affiliation. 5 such an origin or affiliation. —v. (-ling) put or keep in a stable. ~ stably adv. [latin stabilis from sto to stand]

Stable-companion  n. (also stable-mate) 1 horse of the same stable. 2 member of the same organization.

Stabling  n. Accommodation for horses.

Staccato  esp. Mus. —adv. & adj. With each sound or note sharply distinct. —n. (pl. -s) staccato passage or delivery. [italian]

Stack  —n. 1 (esp. Orderly) pile or heap. 2 = +haystack. 3 colloq. Large quantity (a stack of work; stacks of money). 4 a = +chimney-stack. B = +smokestack. C tall factory chimney. 5 stacked group of aircraft. 6 part of a library where books are compactly stored. 7 high detached rock, esp. Off the coast of scotland. —v. 1 pile in a stack or stacks. 2 a arrange (cards) secretly for cheating. B manipulate (circumstances etc.) To suit one. 3 cause (aircraft) to fly in circles while waiting to land. [old norse]

Stadium  n. (pl. -s) athletic or sports ground with tiered seats for spectators. [greek stadion]

Staff  —n. 1 a stick or pole for use in walking or as a weapon. B stick or rod as a sign of office etc. C person or thing that supports. 2 a people employed in a business etc. B those in authority in a school etc. C body of officers assisting an officer in high command (general staff). 3 (pl. -s or staves) mus. Set of usu. Five parallel lines on or between which notes are placed to indicate their pitch. —v. Provide (an institution etc.) With staff. [old english]

Staff college  n. College where officers are trained for staff duties.

Staff nurse  n.  Nurse ranking just below a sister.

Staff sergeant  n. Senior sergeant of a non-infantry company.

Stag  n. 1 adult male deer. 2 stock exch. Slang person who applies for new shares, intending to sell at once for a profit. [old english]

Stag beetle  n. Beetle with branched mandibles like antlers.

Stage  —n. 1 point or period in a process or development. 2 a raised platform, esp. For performing plays etc. On. B (prec. By the) theatrical profession, drama. C scene of action. 3 a regular stopping-place on a route. B distance between two of these. 4 astronaut. Section of a rocket with a separate engine. —v. (-ging) 1 present (a play etc.) On stage. 2 arrange, organize (staged a demonstration). [french estage, ultimately from latin sto stand]

Stagecoach  n. Hist. Large closed horse-drawn coach running on a regular route by stages.

Stagecraft  n. Theatrical skill or experience.

Stage direction  n. Instruction in a play as to actors' movements, sound effects, etc.

Stage fright  n. Performer's fear of an audience.

Stage-hand  n. Person moving stage scenery etc.

Stage-manage  v. 1 be the stage-manager of. 2 arrange and control for effect.

Stage-manager  n. Person responsible for lighting and mechanical arrangements etc. On stage.

Stage-struck  adj. Obsessed with becoming an actor.

Stage whisper  n. 1 an aside. 2 loud whisper meant to be overheard.

Stagey  var. Of +stagy.

Stagflation  n. Econ. State of inflation without a corresponding increase of demand and employment. [blend of stagnation, inflation]

Stagger  —v. 1 (cause to) walk unsteadily. 2 shock, confuse. 3 arrange (events etc.) So that they do not coincide. 4 arrange (objects) so that they are not in line. —n. 1 tottering movement. 2 (in pl.) Disease, esp. Of horses and cattle, causing staggering. [old norse]

Staggering  adj. Astonishing, bewildering. ~ staggeringly adv.

Staghound  n. Large dog used for hunting deer.

Staging  n. 1 presentation of a play etc. 2 a platform or support, esp. Temporary. B shelves for plants in a greenhouse.

Staging post  n. Regular stopping-place, esp. On an air route.

Stagnant  adj. 1 (of liquid) motionless, having no current. 2 dull, sluggish. ~ stagnancy n. [latin stagnum pool]

Stagnate  v. (-ting) be or become stagnant. ~ stagnation n.

Stag-party  n. Colloq. All-male celebration held esp. For a man about to marry.

Stagy  adj. (also stagey) (-ier, -iest) theatrical, artificial, exaggerated.

Staid  adj. Of quiet and steady character; sedate. [= stayed, past part. Of +stay1]

Stain  —v. 1 discolour or be discoloured by the action of liquid sinking in. 2 spoil, damage (a reputation, character, etc.). 3 colour (wood, glass, etc.) With a penetrating substance. 4 impregnate (a specimen) with a colouring agent for microscopic examination. —n. 1 discoloration; spot, mark. 2 blot, blemish; damage to a reputation etc. 3 substance used in staining. [earlier distain from french desteindre]

Stained glass  n. Coloured glass in a leaded window etc.

Stainless  adj. 1 without stains. 2 not liable to stain.

Stainless steel  n. Chrome steel resisting rust or tarnish.

Stair  n. 1 each of a set of fixed indoor steps. 2 (usu. In pl.) Set of these. [old english]

Staircase  n. Flight of stairs and the supporting structure.

Stair-rod  n. Rod securing a carpet between two steps.

Stairway  n. = +staircase.

Stairwell  n. Shaft for a staircase.

Stake1  —n. 1 stout sharpened stick driven into the ground as a support, boundary mark, etc. 2 hist. A post to which a condemned person was tied to be burnt alive. B (prec. By the) such death as a punishment. —v. (-king) 1 secure or support with a stake or stakes. 2 (foll. By off, out) mark off (an area) with stakes. 3 establish (a claim). ~ stake out colloq. Place under surveillance. [old english]

Stake2  —n. 1 sum of money etc. Wagered on an event. 2 (often foll. By in) interest or concern, esp. Financial. 3 (in pl.) A prize-money, esp. In a horse-race. B such a race. —v. 1 wager. 2 us colloq. Support, esp. Financially. ~ at stake risked, to be won or lost. [old english]

Stakeholder  n. Independent party with whom money etc. Wagered is deposited.

Stake-out  n. Esp. Us colloq. Period of surveillance.

Stakhanovite  n. (often attrib.) Exceptionally productive worker. [stakhanov, name of a russian coalminer]

Stalactite  n. Icicle-like deposit of calcium carbonate hanging from the roof of a cave etc. [greek stalaktos dripping]

Stalagmite  n. Icicle-like deposit of calcium carbonate rising from the floor of a cave etc. [greek stalagma a drop]

Stale  —adj. 1 a not fresh. B musty, insipid, or otherwise the worse for age or use. 2 trite, unoriginal (stale joke). 3 (of an athlete or performer) impaired by excessive training. —v. (-ling) make or become stale. ~ staleness n. [anglo-french estaler halt]

Stalemate  —n. 1 chess position counting as a draw, in which a player cannot move except into check. 2 deadlock. —v. (-ting) 1 chess bring (a player) to a stalemate. 2 bring to a deadlock. [obsolete stale: related to +stale, +mate2]

Stalinism  n. Centralized authoritarian form of socialism associated with stalin. ~ stalinist n. & adj. [stalin, a soviet statesman]

Stalk1  n. 1 main stem of a herbaceous plant. 2 slender attachment or support of a leaf, flower, fruit, etc. 3 similar support for an organ etc. In an animal. [diminutive of (now dial.) Stale rung]

Stalk2  —v. 1 pursue (game or an enemy) stealthily. 2 stride, walk in a haughty manner. 3 formal or rhet. Move silently or threateningly through (a place) (fear stalked the land). —n. 1 stalking of game. 2 haughty gait. [old english: related to +steal]

Stalking-horse  n. 1 horse concealing a hunter. 2 pretext concealing one's real intentions or actions. 3 weak political candidate forcing an election in the hope of a more serious contender coming forward.

Stall1  —n. 1 trader's booth or table in a market etc. 2 compartment for one animal in a stable or cowhouse. 3 fixed, usu. Partly enclosed, seat in the choir or chancel of a church. 4 (usu. In pl.) Each of the seats on the ground floor of a theatre. 5 a compartment for one person in a shower-bath etc. B compartment for one horse at the start of a race. 6 a stalling of an engine or aircraft. B condition resulting from this. —v. 1 (of a vehicle or its engine) stop because of an overload on the engine or an inadequate supply of fuel to it. 2 (of an aircraft or its pilot) lose control because the speed is too low. 3 cause to stall. [old english]

Stall2  v. 1 play for time when being questioned etc. 2 delay, obstruct. [stall ‘decoy’: probably related to +stall1]

Stallholder  n. Person in charge of a stall at a market etc.

Stallion  n. Uncastrated adult male horse. [french estalon]

Stalwart  —adj. 1 strong, sturdy. 2 courageous, resolute, reliable. —n. Stalwart person, esp. A loyal comrade. [old english, = place, +worth]

Stamen  n. Organ producing pollen in a flower. [latin, = warp, thread]

Stamina  n. Physical or mental endurance. [latin, pl. Of +stamen]

Stammer  —v. 1 speak haltingly, esp. With pauses or rapid repetitions of the same syllable. 2 (often foll. By out) utter (words) in this way. —n. 1 tendency to stammer. 2 instance of stammering. [old english]

Stamp  —v. 1 a bring down (one's foot) heavily, esp. On the ground. B (often foll. By on) crush or flatten in this way. C walk heavily. 2 a impress (a design, mark, etc.) On a surface. B impress (a surface) with a pattern etc. 3 affix a postage or other stamp to. 4 assign a specific character to; mark out. —n. 1 instrument for stamping. 2 a mark or design made by this. B impression of an official mark required to be made on deeds, bills of exchange, etc., as evidence of payment of tax. 3 small adhesive piece of paper indicating that payment has been made, esp. A postage stamp. 4 mark or label etc. On a commodity as evidence of quality etc. 5 act or sound of stamping the foot. 6 characteristic mark or quality. ~ stamp on 1 impress (an idea etc.) On (the memory etc.). 2 suppress.

Stamp-collector  n. Philatelist.

Stamp-duty  n. Duty imposed on certain legal documents.

Stampede  —n. 1 sudden flight or hurried movement of animals or people. 2 response of many persons at once to a common impulse. —v. (-ding) (cause to) take part in a stampede. [spanish estampida crash, uproar]

Stamping-ground  n. Colloq. Favourite haunt.

Stance  n. 1 standpoint; attitude. 2 attitude or position of the body, esp. When hitting a ball etc. [italian stanza standing]

Stanch  v. (also staunch) 1 restrain the flow of (esp. Blood). 2 restrain the flow from (esp. A wound). [french estanchier]

Stanchion  n. 1 upright post or support. 2 upright bar or frame for confining cattle in a stall. [anglo-french]

Stand  —v. (past and past part. Stood) 1 have, take, or maintain an upright position, esp. On the feet or a base. 2 be situated (here once stood a village). 3 be of a specified height. 4 be in a specified state (stands accused; it stands as follows). 5 set in an upright or specified position (stood it against the wall). 6 a move to and remain in a specified position (stand aside). B take a specified attitude (stand aloof). 7 maintain a position; avoid falling, moving, or being moved. 8 assume a stationary position; cease to move. 9 remain valid or unaltered. 10 naut. Hold a specified course. 11 endure, tolerate. 12 provide at one's own expense (stood him a drink). 13 (often foll. By for) be a candidate (for office etc.) (stood for parliament). 14 act in a specified capacity (stood proxy). 15 undergo (trial). —n. 1 cessation from progress, stoppage. 2 a mil. Halt made to repel an attack. B resistance to attack or compulsion (esp. Make a stand). C cricket prolonged period at the wicket by two batsmen. 3 position taken up; attitude adopted. 4 rack, set of shelves, etc. For storage. 5 open-fronted stall or structure for a trader, exhibitor, etc. 6 standing-place for vehicles. 7 a raised structure to sit or stand on. B us witness-box. 8 each halt made for a performance on a tour. 9 group of growing plants (stand of trees). ~ as it stands 1 in its present condition. 2 in the present circumstances. Stand by 1 stand nearby; look on without interfering. 2 uphold, support (a person). 3 adhere to (a promise etc.). 4 be ready for action. Stand a chance see +chance. Stand corrected accept correction. Stand down withdraw from a position or candidacy. Stand for 1 represent, signify, imply. 2 colloq. Endure, tolerate. Stand one's ground not yield. Stand in (usu. Foll. By for) deputize. Stand off 1 move or keep away. 2 temporarily dismiss (an employee). Stand on insist on, observe scrupulously. Stand on one's own feet (or own two feet) be self-reliant or independent. Stand out 1 be prominent or outstanding. 2 (usu. Foll. By against, for) persist in opposition or support. Stand to 1 mil. Stand ready for an attack. 2 abide by. 3 be likely or certain to. Stand to reason be obvious. Stand up 1 a rise to one's feet. B come to, remain in, or place in a standing position. 2 (of an argument etc.) Be valid. 3 colloq. Fail to keep an appointment with.

Standard  —n. 1 object, quality, or measure serving as a basis, example, or principle to which others conform or should conform or by which others are judged. 2 a level of excellence etc. Required or specified (not up to standard). B average quality (of a low standard). 3 ordinary procedure etc. 4 distinctive flag. 5 a upright support. B upright pipe. 6 a tree or shrub that stands without support. B shrub grafted on an upright stem and trained in tree form. 7 tune or song of established popularity. —adj. 1 serving or used as a standard. 2 of a normal or prescribed quality, type, or size. 3 of recognized and permanent value; authoritative (standard book on jazz). 4 (of language) conforming to established educated usage. [anglo-french: related to +extend, and in senses 5 and 6 of n. Influenced by +stand]

Standard assessment task  n. Standard test given to schoolchildren.

Standard-bearer  n. 1 soldier who carries a standard. 2 prominent leader in a cause.

Standardize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) cause to conform to a standard. ~ standardization n.

Standard lamp  n. Lamp on a tall upright with a base.

Standard of living  n. Degree of material comfort of a person or group.

Standard time  n. Uniform time for places in approximately the same longitude, established in a country or region by law or custom.

Stand-by  n. (pl. -bys) 1 (often attrib.) Person or thing ready if needed in an emergency etc. 2 readiness for duty (on stand-by).

Stand-in  n. Deputy or substitute.

Standing  —n. 1 esteem or repute, esp. High; status. 2 duration (of long standing). —adj. 1 that stands, upright. 2 established, permanent (a standing rule; a standing army). 3 (of a jump, start, etc.) Performed with no run-up. 4 (of water) stagnant.

Standing committee  n. Committee that is permanent during the existence of the appointing body.

Standing joke  n. Object of permanent ridicule.

Standing order  n. Instruction to a banker to make regular payments, or to a retailer for a regular supply of goods.

Standing orders  n.pl. Rules governing procedure in a parliament, council, etc.

Standing ovation  n. Prolonged applause from an audience which has risen to its feet.

Standing-room  n. Space to stand in.

Stand-off half  n. Rugby half-back forming a link between the scrum-half and the three-quarters.

Standoffish  adj. Cold or distant in manner.

Standpipe  n. Vertical pipe extending from a water supply, esp. One connecting a temporary tap to the mains.

Standpoint  n. Point of view.

Standstill  n. Stoppage; inability to proceed.

Stand-up  attrib. Adj. 1 (of a meal) eaten standing. 2 (of a fight) violent and thorough. 3 (of a collar) not turned down. 4 (of a comedian) telling jokes to an audience.

Stank  past of +stink.

Stanza  n. Basic metrical unit of a poem etc., typically of four to twelve rhymed lines. [italian]

Staphylococcus  n. (pl. -cocci) bacterium sometimes forming pus. ~ staphylococcal adj. [greek staphule bunch of grapes, kokkos berry]

Staple1  —n. U-shaped metal bar or piece of wire with pointed ends for driving into and holding papers together, or holding an electrical wire in place, etc. —v. (-ling) fasten or provide with a staple. ~ stapler n. [old english]

Staple2  —n. 1 principal or important article of commerce (staples of british industry). 2 chief element or main component. 3 fibre of cotton or wool etc. With regard to its quality (cotton of fine staple). —attrib. Adj. 1 main or principal (staple diet). 2 important as a product or export. [french estaple market]

Star  —n. 1 celestial body appearing as a luminous point in the night sky. 2 large naturally luminous gaseous body such as the sun. 3 celestial body regarded as influencing fortunes etc. 4 thing like a star in shape or appearance. 5 decoration or mark of rank or excellence etc., usu. With radiating points. 6 a famous or brilliant person; principal performer (star of the show).

Starboard  —n. Right-hand side of a ship or aircraft looking forward. —v. (also absol.) Turn (the helm) to starboard. [old english, = steer board]

Starch  —n. 1 polysaccharide obtained chiefly from cereals and potatoes. 2 preparation of this for stiffening fabric. 3 stiffness of manner; formality. —v. Stiffen (clothing) with starch. [old english: related to +stark]

Starchy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of, like, or containing starch. 2 prim, formal. ~ starchily adv. Starchiness n.

Stardust  n. 1 multitude of stars looking like dust. 2 romance, magic feeling.

Stare  —v. (-ring) 1 (usu. Foll. By at) look fixedly, esp. In curiosity, surprise, horror, etc. 2 reduce (a person) to a specified condition by staring (stared me into silence). —n. Staring gaze. ~ stare a person in the face be evident or imminent. Stare a person out stare at a person until he or she looks away. [old english]

Starfish  n. (pl. Same or -es) echinoderm with five or more radiating arms.

Star-gazer  n. Colloq. Usu. Derog. Or joc. Astronomer or astrologer.

Stark  —adj. 1 sharply evident (in stark contrast). 2 desolate, bare. 3 absolute (stark madness). —adv. Completely, wholly (stark naked). ~ starkly adv. Starkness n. [old english]

Starkers  predic. Adj. Slang stark naked.

Starlet  n. Promising young performer, esp. A film actress.

Starlight  n. Light of the stars.

Starling  n. Gregarious bird with blackish speckled lustrous plumage. [old english]

Starlit  adj. 1 lit by stars. 2 with stars visible.

Star of david  n. Two interlaced equilateral triangles used as a jewish and israeli symbol.

Starry  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 full of stars. 2 like a star.

Starry-eyed  adj. Colloq. 1 enthusiastic but impractical. 2 euphoric.

Stars and stripes  n.pl. National flag of the us.

Star-studded  adj. Covered with stars; featuring many famous performers.

Start  abbr. Strategic arms reduction treaty (or talks).

Start  —v. 1 begin. 2 set in motion or action (started a fire). 3 set oneself in motion or action. 4 begin a journey etc. 5 (often foll. By up) (cause to) begin operating. 6 a cause or enable (a person) to make a beginning (started me in business). B (foll. By pres. Part.) Cause (a person) to begin (started me coughing). 7 (often foll. By up) establish. 8 give a signal to (competitors) to start in a race. 9 (often foll. By up, from, etc.) Jump in surprise, pain, etc. 10 spring out, up, etc. 11  conceive (a baby). 12  rouse (game etc.). 13 a (of timbers etc.) Spring out; give way. B cause (timbers etc.) To do this. —n. 1 beginning. 2 place from which a race etc. Begins. 3 advantage given at the beginning of a race etc. 4 advantageous initial position in life, business, etc. 5 sudden movement of surprise, pain, etc. ~ for a start colloq. As a beginning. Start off begin; begin to move. Start out begin a journey. Start up arise; occur. [old english]

Starter  n. 1 device for starting a vehicle engine etc. 2 first course of a meal. 3 person giving the signal for the start of a race. 4 horse or competitor starting in a race. ~ for starters colloq. To start with.

Starting-block  n. Shaped block for a runner's feet at the start of a race.

Starting price  n. Odds ruling at the start of a horse-race.

Startle  v. (-ling) shock or surprise. [old english]

Star turn  n. Main item in an entertainment etc.

Starve  v. (-ving) 1 (cause to) die of hunger or suffer from malnourishment. 2 colloq. Feel very hungry (i'm starving). 3 a suffer from mental or spiritual want. B (foll. By for) feel a strong craving for. 4 (foll. By of) deprive of. 5 compel by starving (starved into surrender). ~ starvation n. [old english, = die]

Starveling  n. Archaic starving person or animal.

Star wars  n.pl. Colloq. Strategic defence initiative.

Stash  colloq. —v. (often foll. By away) 1 conceal; put in a safe place. 2 hoard. —n. 1 hiding-place. 2 thing hidden. [origin unknown]

Stasis  n. (pl. Stases) 1 inactivity; stagnation. 2 stoppage of circulation. [greek]

State  —n. 1 existing condition or position of a person or thing. 2 colloq. A excited or agitated mental condition (esp. In a state). B untidy condition. 3 (usu. State) a political community under one government. B this as part of a federal republic. 4 (usu. State) (attrib.) A of, for, or concerned with the state. B reserved for or done on occasions of ceremony. 5 (usu. State) civil government. 6 pomp. 7 (the states) usa. —v. (-ting) 1 express in speech or writing. 2 fix, specify. 3 mus. Play (a theme etc.), esp. For the first time. ~ in state with all due ceremony. Lie in state be laid in a public place of honour before burial. [partly from +estate, partly from latin +status]

Stateless  adj. Having no nationality or citizenship.

Stately  adj. (-ier, -iest) dignified; imposing. ~ stateliness n.

Stately home  n. Large historic house, esp. One open to the public.

Statement  n. 1 stating or being stated; expression in words. 2 thing stated. 3 formal account of facts. 4 record of transactions in a bank account etc. 5 notification of the amount due to a tradesman etc.

State of emergency  n. Condition of danger or disaster in a country, with normal constitutional procedures suspended.

State of the art  —n. Current stage of esp. Technological development. —attrib. Adj. (usu. State-of-the-art) absolutely up-to-date (state-of-the-art weaponry).

Stateroom  n. 1 state apartment. 2 large private cabin in a passenger ship.

State school  n. School largely managed and funded by the public authorities.

Statesman  n. (fem. Stateswoman) distinguished and capable politician or diplomat. ~ statesmanlike adj. Statesmanship n.

Static  —adj. 1 stationary; not acting or changing. 2 physics concerned with bodies at rest or forces in equilibrium. —n. 1 static electricity. 2 atmospherics. ~ statically adv. [greek statikos from sta- stand]

Static electricity  n. Electricity not flowing as a current.

Statics  n.pl. (usu. Treated as sing.) 1 science of bodies at rest or of forces in equilibrium. 2 = +static.

Station  —n. 1 a regular stopping-place on a railway line. B buildings of this. C (in comb.) Centre where vehicles of a specified type depart and arrive (coach station). 2 person or thing's allotted place or building etc. 3 centre for a particular service or activity. 4 establishment involved in broadcasting. 5 a military or naval base. B inhabitants of this. 6 position in life; rank, status. 7 austral. & nz large sheep or cattle farm. —v. 1 assign a station to. 2 put in position. [latin statio from sto stat- stand]

Stationary  adj. 1 not moving. 2 not meant to be moved. 3 unchanging. [latin: related to +station]

Stationer  n. Dealer in stationery.

Stationery  n. Writing-materials, office supplies, etc.

Stationery office  n. The government's publishing house.

Stationmaster  n. Official in charge of a railway station.

Station of the cross  n. Rc ch. Each of a series of images representing the events in christ's passion before which prayers are said.

Station-wagon  n. Esp. Us estate car.

Statistic  n.  Statistical fact or item. [german: related to +state]

Statistical  adj. Of statistics. ~ statistically adv.

Statistics  n.pl. 1 (usu. Treated as sing.) Science of collecting and analysing significant numerical data. 2 such analysed data. ~ statistician n.

Statuary  —adj. Of or for statues (statuary art). —n. (pl. -ies) 1 statues collectively. 2 making statues. 3 sculptor. [latin: related to +statue]

Statue  n. Sculptured figure of a person or animal, esp. Life-size or larger. [latin statua]

Statuesque  adj. Like, or having the dignity or beauty of, a statue.

Statuette  n. Small statue.

Stature  n. 1 height of a (esp. Human) body. 2 calibre, esp. Moral; eminence. [latin statura]

Status  n. 1 rank, social position, relative importance. 2 superior social etc. Position. [latin: related to +stature]

Status quo  n. Existing state of affairs. [latin]

Status symbol  n. A possession etc. Intended to indicate the owner's superiority.

Statute  n. 1 written law passed by a legislative body. 2 rule of a corporation, founder, etc., intended to be permanent. [latin statutum from statuo set up]

Statute-book  n. 1 book(s) containing the statute law. 2 body of a country's statutes.

Statute law  n. 1 (collect.) Body of principles and rules of law laid down in statutes. 2 a statute.

Statute mile  see +mile 1.

Statutory  adj. Required or enacted by statute. ~ statutorily adv.

Staunch1  adj. 1 loyal. 2 (of a ship, joint, etc.) Strong, watertight, airtight, etc. ~ staunchly adv. [french estanche]

Staunch2  var. Of +stanch.

Stave  —n. 1 each of the curved slats forming the sides of a cask, pail, etc. 2 = +staff n. 3. 3 stanza or verse. —v. (-ving; past and past part. Stove or staved) (usu. Foll. By in) break a hole in, damage, crush by forcing inwards. ~ stave off avert or defer (danger etc.). [from +staff]

Stay1  —v. 1 continue in the same place or condition; not depart or change. 2 (often foll. By at, in, with) reside temporarily. 3 archaic or literary a stop or check. B (esp. In imper.) Pause. 4 postpone (judgement etc.). 5 assuage (hunger etc.), esp. Temporarily. —n. 1 act or period of staying. 2 suspension or postponement of a sentence, judgement, etc. 3 prop, support. 4 (in pl.) Hist. (esp. Boned) corset. ~ stay the course endure to the end. Stay in remain indoors. Stay the night remain overnight. Stay put colloq. Remain where it is placed or where one is. Stay up not go to bed (until late). [anglo-french from latin sto stand: sense 3 of n. From french, formed as +stay2]

Stay2  n. 1 naut. Rope or guy supporting a mast, flagstaff, etc. 2 supporting cable on an aircraft etc. [old english from germanic]

Stay-at-home  —attrib. Adj. Rarely going out. —n. Such a person.

Stayer  n.  Person or animal with great endurance.

Staying power  n. Endurance.

Staysail  n. Sail extended on a stay.

Std  abbr. Subscriber trunk dialling.

Stead  n. ~ in a person's (or thing's) stead as a substitute; in a person's or thing's place. Stand a person in good stead be advantageous or useful to him or her. [old english, = place]

Steadfast  adj. Constant, firm, unwavering. ~ steadfastly adv. Steadfastness n. [old english: related to +stead]

Steady  —adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 firmly fixed or supported; unwavering. 2 uniform and regular (steady pace; steady increase). 3 a constant. B persistent. 4 (of a person) serious and dependable. 5 regular, established (steady girlfriend). —v. (-ies, -ied) make or become steady. —adv. Steadily. —n. (pl. -ies) colloq. Regular boyfriend or girlfriend. ~ go steady (often foll. By with) colloq. Have as a regular boyfriend or girlfriend. Steady on! Be careful! ~ steadily adv. Steadiness n. [from +stead]

Steady state  n. Unvarying condition, esp. In a physical process.

Steak  n. 1 thick slice of meat (esp. Beef) or fish, usu. Grilled or fried. 2 beef cut for stewing or braising. [old norse]

Steak-house  n. Restaurant specializing in beefsteaks.

Steal  —v. (past stole; past part. Stolen) 1 (also absol.) Take (another's property) illegally or without right or permission, esp. In secret. 2 obtain surreptitiously, insidiously, or artfully (stole a kiss). 3 (foll. By in, out, away, up, etc.) Move, esp. Silently or stealthily. —n. 1 us colloq. Act of stealing or theft. 2 colloq. Easy task or good bargain. ~ steal a march on get an advantage over by surreptitious means. Steal the show outshine other performers, esp. Unexpectedly. Steal a person's thunder take away the attention due to someone else by using his or her words, ideas, etc. [old english]

Stealth  n. Secrecy, secret behaviour. [old english: related to +steal]

Stealthy  adj. (-ier, -iest) done or moving with stealth; furtive. ~ stealthily adv. Stealthiness n.

Steam  —n. 1 a gas into which water is changed by boiling. B condensed vapour formed from this. 2 a power obtained from steam. B colloq. Power or energy. —v. 1 a cook (food) in steam. B treat with steam. 2 give off steam. 3 a move under steam power. B (foll. By ahead, away, etc.) Colloq. Proceed or travel fast or with vigour. 4 (usu. Foll. By up) a cover or become covered with condensed steam. B (as steamed up adj.) Colloq. Angry or excited. [old english]

Steamboat  n. Steam-driven boat.

Steam engine  n. 1 engine which uses steam to generate power. 2 locomotive powered by this.

Steamer  n. 1 steamship. 2 vessel for steaming food in.

Steam hammer  n. Forging-hammer powered by steam.

Steam iron  n. Electric iron that emits steam.

Steamroller  —n. 1 heavy slow-moving vehicle with a roller, used to flatten new-made roads. 2 a crushing power or force. —v. Crush or move forcibly or indiscriminately; force.

Steamship  n. Steam-driven ship.

Steam train  n. Train pulled by a steam engine.

Steamy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 like or full of steam. 2 colloq. Erotic. ~ steamily adv. Steaminess n.

Steatite  n. Impure form of talc, esp. Soapstone. [greek stear steat- tallow]

Steed  n. Archaic or poet. Horse. [old english]

Steel  —n. 1 strong malleable alloy of iron and carbon, used esp. For making tools, weapons, etc. 2 strength, firmness (nerves of steel). 3 steel rod for sharpening knives. —adj. Of or like steel. —v. (also refl.) Harden or make resolute. [old english]

Steel band  n. Band playing chiefly calypso-style music on percussion instruments made from oil drums.

Steel wool  n. Abrasive substance consisting of a mass of fine steel shavings.

Steelworks  n.pl. (usu. Treated as sing.) Factory producing steel. ~ steelworker n.

Steely  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of or like steel. 2 severe; resolute. ~ steeliness n.

Steelyard  n. Balance with a graduated arm along which a weight is moved.

Steep1  —adj. 1 sloping sharply. 2 (of a rise or fall) rapid. 3 (predic.) Colloq. A exorbitant; unreasonable. B exaggerated; incredible. —n. Steep slope; precipice. ~ steepen v. Steepish adj. Steeply adv. Steepness n. [old english]

Steep2  —v. Soak or bathe in liquid. —n. 1 act of steeping. 2 liquid for steeping. ~ steep in 1 pervade or imbue with. 2 make deeply acquainted with (a subject etc.). [old english]

Steeple  n. Tall tower, esp. With a spire, above the roof of a church. [old english: related to +steep1]

Steeplechase  n. 1 horse-race with ditches, hedges, etc., to jump. 2 cross-country foot-race. ~ steeplechasing n.

Steeplejack  n. Repairer of tall chimneys, steeples, etc.

Steer1  v. 1 (also absol.) Guide (a vehicle, ship, etc.) With a wheel or rudder etc. 2 direct or guide (one's course, other people, a conversation, etc.) In a specified direction. ~ steer clear of avoid. ~ steering n. [old english]

Steer2  n. = +bullock. [old english]

Steerage  n. 1 act of steering. 2 archaic cheapest part of a ship's accommodation.

Steering-column  n. Column on which a steering-wheel is mounted.

Steering committee  n. Committee deciding the order of business, the course of operations, etc.

Steering-wheel  n. Wheel by which a vehicle etc. Is steered.

Steersman  n. Person who steers a ship.

Stegosaurus  n. (pl. -ruses) plant-eating dinosaur with a double row of bony plates along the spine. [greek stege covering, sauros lizard]

Stela  n. (pl. Stelae) (also stele) archaeol. Upright slab or pillar usu. Inscribed and sculpted, esp. As a gravestone. [latin and greek]

Stellar  adj. Of a star or stars. [latin stella star]

Stem1  —n. 1 main body or stalk of a plant. 2 stalk of a fruit, flower, or leaf. 3 stem-shaped part, as: a the slender part of a wineglass. B the tube of a tobacco-pipe. C a vertical stroke in a letter or musical note. 4 gram. Root or main part of a noun, verb, etc., to which inflections are added. 5 main upright timber at the bow of a ship (from stem to stern). —v. (-mm-) (foll. By from) spring or originate from. [old english]

Stem2  v. (-mm-) check or stop. [old norse]

Stench  n. Foul smell. [old english: related to +stink]

Stencil  —n. 1 (in full stencil-plate) thin sheet in which a pattern is cut, placed on a surface and printed or inked over etc. To reproduce the pattern. 2 pattern so produced. 3 waxed sheet etc. From which a stencil is made by a typewriter. —v. (-ll-; us -l-) 1 (often foll. By on) produce (a pattern) with a stencil. 2 mark (a surface) in this way. [french estanceler sparkle, from latin scintilla spark]

Sten gun  n. Lightweight sub-machine-gun. [s and t (initials of its inventors' surnames) + -en after +bren]

Stenographer  n. Esp. Us shorthand typist. [greek stenos narrow]

Stentorian  adj. Loud and powerful. [stentor, name of a herald in homer's iliad]

Step  —n. 1 a complete movement of one leg in walking or running. B distance so covered. 2 unit of movement in dancing. 3 measure taken, esp. One of several in a course of action. 4 surface of a stair, stepladder, etc.; tread. 5 short distance. 6 sound or mark made by a foot in walking etc. 7 manner of walking etc. 8 degree in the scale of promotion or precedence etc. 9 a stepping in unison or to music (esp. In or out of step). B state of conforming (refuses to keep step with the team). 10 (in pl.) (also pair of steps) = +stepladder. —v. (-pp-) 1 lift and set down one's foot or alternate feet in walking. 2 come or go in a specified direction by stepping. 3 make progress in a specified way (stepped into a new job). 4 (foll. By off, out) measure (distance) by stepping. 5 perform (a dance). ~ mind (or watch) one's step be careful. Step by step gradually; cautiously. Step down resign. Step in 1 enter. 2 intervene. Step on it colloq. Accelerate; hurry up. Step out 1 be active socially. 2 take large steps. Step out of line behave inappropriately or disobediently. Step up increase, intensify. [old english]

Step-  comb. Form denoting a relationship resulting from a parent's later marriage. [old english, = orphaned]

Stepbrother  n. Son of one's step-parent by a previous partner.

Stepchild  n. One's husband's or wife's child by a previous partner.

Stepdaughter  n. Female stepchild.

Stepfather  n. Male step-parent.

Stephanotis  n. Fragrant tropical climbing plant. [greek]

Stepladder  n. Short folding ladder with flat steps.

Stepmother  n. Female step-parent.

Step-parent  n. Mother's or father's spouse who is not one's own parent.

Steppe  n. Level grassy unforested plain. [russian]

Stepping-stone  n. 1 large stone in a stream etc. Helping one to cross. 2 means of progress.

Stepsister  n. Daughter of one's step-parent by a previous partner.

Stepson  n. Male stepchild.

-ster  suffix denoting a person engaged in or associated with a particular activity or quality (brewster; gangster; youngster). [old english]

Stereo  —n. (pl. -s) 1 a stereophonic record-player etc. B stereophonic sound reproduction (see +stereophonic). 2 = +stereoscope. —adj. 1 = +stereophonic. 2 = stereoscopic (see +stereoscope). [abbreviation]

Stereo-  comb. Form solid; having three dimensions. [greek stereos solid]

Stereophonic  adj. Using two or more channels, giving the effect of naturally distributed sound.

Stereoscope  n. Device for producing a three-dimensional effect by viewing two slightly different photographs together. ~ stereoscopic adj.

Stereotype  —n. 1 a person or thing seeming to conform to a widely accepted type. B such a type, idea, or attitude. 2 printing-plate cast from a mould of composed type. —v. (-ping) 1 (esp. As stereotyped adj.) Cause to conform to a type; standardize. 2 a print from a stereotype. B make a stereotype of. [french: related to +stereo-]

Sterile  adj. 1 unable to produce a crop, fruit, or young; barren. 2 unproductive (sterile discussion). 3 free from living micro-organisms etc. ~ sterility n. [latin]

Sterilize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 make sterile. 2 deprive of reproductive powers. ~ sterilization n.

Sterling  —adj. 1 of or in british money (pound sterling). 2 (of a coin or precious metal) genuine; of standard value or purity. 3 (of a person etc.) Genuine, reliable. —n. British money. [old english, = penny]

Sterling silver  n. Silver of 921/2% purity.

Stern1  adj. Severe, grim; authoritarian. ~ sternly adv. Sternness n. [old english]

Stern2  n. Rear part, esp. Of a ship or boat. [old norse: related to +steer1]

Sternum  n. (pl. -na or -nums) breastbone. [greek sternon chest]

Steroid  n. Any of a group of organic compounds including many hormones, alkaloids, and vitamins. [from +sterol]

Sterol  n. Naturally occurring steroid alcohol. [from +cholesterol, etc.]

Stertorous  adj. (of breathing etc.) Laboured and noisy. [latin sterto snore]

Stet  v. (-tt-) (usu. Written on a proof-sheet etc.) Ignore or cancel (the alteration); let the original stand. [latin, = let it stand]

Stethoscope  n. Instrument used in listening to the heart, lungs, etc. [greek stethos breast]

Stetson  n. Slouch hat with a very wide brim and high crown. [stetson, name of a hat-maker]

Stevedore  n. Person employed in loading and unloading ships. [spanish estivador]

Stew  —v. 1  cook by long simmering in a closed vessel. 2 fret, be anxious. 3 colloq. Swelter. 4 (of tea etc.) Become bitter or strong from infusing too long. 5 (as stewed adj.) Colloq. Drunk. —n. 1 dish of stewed meat etc. 2 colloq. Agitated or angry state. ~ stew in one's own juice suffer the consequences of one's actions. [french estuver]

Steward  —n. 1 passengers' attendant on a ship, aircraft, or train. 2 official supervising a meeting, show, etc. 3 person responsible for supplies of food etc. For a college or club etc. 4 property manager. —v. Act as a steward (of). ~ stewardship n. [old english, = house-warden]

Stewardess  n. Female steward, esp. On a ship or aircraft.

Stick1  n. 1 a short slender length of wood. B this as a support or weapon. 2 thin rod of wood etc. For a particular purpose (cocktail stick). 3 implement used to propel the ball in hockey or polo etc. 4 gear lever. 5 conductor's baton. 6 sticklike piece of celery, dynamite, etc. 7 (often prec. By the) punishment, esp. By beating. 8 colloq. Adverse criticism. 9 colloq. Piece of wood as part of a house or furniture. 10 colloq. Person, esp. When dull or unsociable. [old english]

Stick2  v. (past and past part. Stuck) 1 (foll. By in, into, through) insert or thrust (a thing or its point). 2 stab. 3 (foll. By in, into, on, etc.) A fix or be fixed on a pointed thing. B fix or be fixed (as) by a pointed end. 4 fix or be fixed (as) by adhesive etc. 5 remain (in the mind).

Sticker  n. 1 adhesive label. 2 persistent person.

Sticking-plaster  n. Adhesive plaster for wounds etc.

Stick insect  n. Insect with a twiglike body.

Stick-in-the-mud  n. Colloq. Unprogressive or old-fashioned person.

Stickleback  n. Small spiny-backed fish. [old english, = thorn-back]

Stickler  n. (foll. By for) person who insists on something (stickler for accuracy). [obsolete stickle be umpire]

Stick-up  n. Colloq. Robbery using a gun.

Sticky  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 tending or intended to stick or adhere. 2 glutinous, viscous. 3 humid. 4 colloq. Difficult, awkward; unpleasant, painful (sticky problem). ~ stickily adv. Stickiness n.

Sticky wicket  n. Colloq. Difficult circumstances.

Stiff  —adj. 1 rigid; inflexible. 2 hard to bend, move, or turn etc. 3 hard to cope with; needing strength or effort (stiff climb). 4 severe or strong (stiff penalty). 5 formal, constrained. 6 (of a muscle, person, etc.) Aching owing to exertion, injury, etc. 7 (of esp. An alcoholic drink) strong. 8 (foll. By with) colloq. Abounding in. —adv. Colloq. Utterly, extremely (bored stiff). —n. Slang 1 corpse. 2 foolish or useless person. ~ stiffish adj. Stiffly adv. Stiffness n. [old english]

Stiffen  v. Make or become stiff. ~ stiffening n.

Stiff-necked  adj. Obstinate; haughty.

Stiff upper lip  n. Appearance of being calm in adversity.

Stifle  v. (-ling) 1 suppress. 2 feel or make unable to breathe easily; suffocate. 3 kill by suffocating. ~ stifling adj. & adv. [origin uncertain]

Stigma  n. (pl. -s or, esp. In sense 3, stigmata) 1 shame, disgrace. 2 part of the pistil that receives the pollen in pollination. 3 (in pl.) (in christian belief) marks like those on christ's body after the crucifixion, appearing on the bodies of certain saints etc. [greek stigma -mat- brand, dot]

Stigmatize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) (often foll. By as) brand as unworthy or disgraceful. [greek stigmatizo: related to +stigma]

Stile  n. Steps allowing people but not animals to climb over a fence or wall. [old english]

Stiletto  n. (pl. -s) 1 short dagger. 2 (in full stiletto heel) a long tapering heel of a shoe. B shoe with such a heel. 3 pointed instrument for making eyelets etc. [italian diminutive: related to +style]

Still1  —adj. 1 not or hardly moving. 2 with little or no sound; calm and tranquil. 3 (of a drink) not effervescing. —n. 1 deep silence (still of the night). 2 static photograph (as opposed to a motion picture), esp. A single shot from a cinema film. —adv. 1 without moving (sit still). 2 even now or at a particular time (is he still here?). 3 nevertheless. 4 (with compar.) Even, yet, increasingly (still greater efforts). —v. Make or become still; quieten. ~ stillness n. [old english]

Still2  n. Apparatus for distilling spirits etc. [obsolete still (v.) = +distil]

Stillbirth  n. Birth of a dead child.

Stillborn  adj. 1 born dead. 2 abortive.

Still life  n. (pl. Lifes) painting or drawing of inanimate objects, e.g. Fruit or flowers.

Still-room  n. 1 room for distilling. 2 housekeeper's storeroom or pantry.

Stilt  n. 1 either of a pair of poles with foot supports for walking at a distance above the ground. 2 each of a set of piles or posts supporting a building etc. [low german or dutch]

Stilted  adj. 1 (of literary style etc.) Stiff and unnatural; bombastic. 2 standing on stilts.

Stilton  n. Propr. Strong rich esp. Blue-veined cheese. [stilton in england]

Stimulant  —adj. Stimulating, esp. Bodily or mental activity. —n. Stimulant substance or influence. [latin: related to +stimulate]

Stimulate  v. (-ting) 1 act as a stimulus to. 2 animate, excite, arouse. ~ stimulation n. Stimulative adj. Stimulator n. [latin: related to +stimulus]

Stimulus  n. (pl. -li) thing that rouses to activity. [latin, = goad]

Sting  —n. 1 sharp wounding organ of an insect, snake, nettle, etc. 2 a act of inflicting a wound with this. B the wound itself or the pain caused by it. 3 painful quality or effect. 4 pungency, vigour. 5 slang swindle. —v. (past and past part. Stung) 1 a wound or pierce with a sting. B be able to sting. 2 feel or give a tingling physical or sharp mental pain. 3 (foll. By into) incite, esp. Painfully (stung into replying). 4 slang swindle, charge exorbitantly. ~ sting in the tail unexpected final pain or difficulty. [old english]

Stinger  n. Stinging animal or thing, esp. A sharp blow.

Stinging-nettle  n. Nettle with stinging hairs.

Stingray  n. Broad flat-fish with a poisonous spine at the base of its tail.

Stingy  adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. Niggardly, mean. ~ stingily adv. Stinginess n. [perhaps from +sting]

Stink  —v. (past stank or stunk; past part. Stunk) 1 emit a strong offensive smell. 2 (often foll. By out) fill (a place) with a stink. 3 (foll. By out etc.) Drive (a person) out etc. By a stink. 4 colloq. Be or seem very unpleasant. —n. 1 strong or offensive smell. 2 colloq. Row or fuss. [old english]

Stink bomb  n. Device emitting a stink when opened.

Stinker  n. Slang objectionable or difficult person or thing.

Stinking  —adj. 1 that stinks. 2 slang very objectionable. —adv. Slang extremely and usu. Objectionably (stinking rich).

Stint  —v. 1 supply (food or aid etc.) Meanly or grudgingly. 2 (often refl.) Supply (a person etc.) In this way. —n. 1 limitation of supply or effort (without stint). 2 allotted amount of work (do one's stint). 3 small sandpiper. [old english]

Stipend  n. Salary, esp. Of a clergyman. [latin stipendium]

Stipendiary  —adj. Receiving a stipend. —n. (pl. -ies) person receiving a stipend. [latin: related to +stipend]

Stipendiary magistrate  n. Paid professional magistrate.

Stipple  —v. (-ling) 1 draw or paint or engrave etc. With dots instead of lines. 2 roughen the surface of (paint, cement, etc.). —n. 1 stippling. 2 effect of stippling. [dutch]

Stipulate  v. (-ting) demand or specify as part of a bargain etc. ~ stipulation n. [latin stipulari]

Stir1  —v. (-rr-) 1  move a spoon etc. Round and round in (a liquid etc.), esp. To mix ingredients. 2 a cause to move, esp. Slightly. B be or begin to be in motion. 3 rise from sleep. 4 arouse, inspire, or excite (the emotions, a person, etc.). 5 colloq. Cause trouble between people by gossiping etc. —n. 1 act of stirring. 2 commotion, excitement. ~ stir in add (an ingredient) by stirring. Stir up 1 mix thoroughly by stirring. 2 stimulate, excite. ~ stirrer n. [old english]

Stir2  n. Slang prison. [origin unknown]

Stir-fry  —v. Fry rapidly while stirring. —n. Stir-fried dish.

Stirrup  n. Metal loop supporting a horse-rider's foot. [old english, = climbing-rope]

Stirrup-cup  n. Cup of wine etc. Offered to a departing traveller, orig. A rider.

Stirrup-leather  n. (also stirrup-strap) strap attaching a stirrup to a saddle.

Stirrup-pump  n. Hand-operated water-pump with a foot-rest, used to extinguish small fires.

Stitch  —n. 1 a (in sewing, knitting, or crocheting) single pass of a needle, or the resulting thread or loop etc. B particular method of sewing etc. 2 least bit of clothing (hadn't a stitch on). 3 sharp pain in the side induced by running etc. —v. Sew; make stitches (in). ~ in stitches colloq. Laughing uncontrollably. Stitch up 1 join or mend by sewing. 2 slang trick, cheat, betray. [old english: related to +stick2]

Stitch in time  n. Timely remedy.

Stoat  n. Mammal of the weasel family with brown fur turning mainly white in the winter. [origin unknown]

Stock  —n. 1 store of goods etc. Ready for sale or distribution etc. 2 supply or quantity of anything for use. 3 equipment or raw material for manufacture or trade etc. (rolling-stock). 4 farm animals or equipment. 5 a capital of a business. B shares in this. 6 reputation or popularity (his stock is rising). 7 a money lent to a government at fixed interest. B right to receive such interest. 8 line of ancestry (comes of cornish stock). 9 liquid basis for soup etc. Made by stewing bones, vegetables, etc. 10 fragrant-flowered cruciferous cultivated plant. 11 plant into which a graft is inserted. 12 main trunk of a tree etc. 13 (in pl.) Hist. Timber frame with holes for the feet in which offenders were locked as a public punishment. 14 base, support, or handle for an implement or machine. 15 butt of a rifle etc. 16 (in pl.) Supports for a ship during building or repair. 17 band of cloth worn round the neck. —attrib. Adj. 1 kept in stock and so regularly available. 2 hackneyed, conventional. —v. 1 have (goods) in stock. 2 provide (a shop or a farm etc.) With goods, livestock, etc. 3 fit (a gun etc.) With a stock. ~ in (or out of) stock available (or not available) immediately for sale etc. Stock up (often foll. By with) provide with or get stocks or supplies (of). Take stock 1 make an inventory of one's stock. 2 (often foll. By of) review (a situation etc.). [old english]

Stockade  —n. Line or enclosure of upright stakes. —v. (-ding) fortify with this. [spanish estacada]

Stockbreeder  n. Livestock farmer.

Stockbroker  n. = +broker 2. ~ stockbroking n.

Stock-car  n. Specially strengthened car for use in racing with deliberate bumping.

Stock exchange  n. 1 place for dealing in stocks and shares. 2 dealers working there.

Stockholder  n. Owner of stocks or shares.

Stockinet  n. (also stockinette) elastic knitted fabric. [probably from stocking-net]

Stocking  n. 1 long knitted covering for the leg and foot, of nylon, wool, silk, etc. 2 differently-coloured lower leg of a horse etc. ~ in one's stocking (or stockinged) feet without shoes. [from +stock]

Stocking-stitch  n. Alternate rows of plain and purl.

Stock-in-trade  n. 1 requisite(s) of a trade or profession. 2 characteristic or essential product; characteristic behaviour, actions, etc.

Stockist  n. Dealer in specified types of goods.

Stockjobber  n.  = +jobber 2.

Stock market  n. 1 = +stock exchange. 2 transactions on this.

Stockpile  —n. Accumulated stock of goods etc. Held in reserve. —v. (-ling) accumulate a stockpile of.

Stockpot  n. Pot for making soup stock.

Stockroom  n. Room for storing goods.

Stock-still  adj. Motionless.

Stocktaking  n. 1 making an inventory of stock. 2 review of one's position etc.

Stocky  adj. (-ier, -iest) short and sturdy. ~ stockily adv. Stockiness n.

Stockyard  n. Enclosure for the sorting or temporary keeping of cattle.

Stodge  n. Colloq. Heavy fattening food. [imitative, after stuff and podge]

Stodgy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 (of food) heavy and glutinous. 2 dull and uninteresting. ~ stodgily adv. Stodginess n.

Stoic  —n. 1 member of the ancient greek school of philosophy which sought virtue as the greatest good and taught control of one's feelings and passions. 2 (stoic) stoical person. —adj. 1 of or like the stoics. 2 (stoic) = +stoical. [greek stoa portico]

Stoical  adj. Having or showing great self-control in adversity. ~ stoically adv.

Stoicism  n. 1 philosophy of the stoics. 2 (stoicism) stoical attitude.

Stoke  v. (-king) (often foll. By up) 1 feed and tend (a fire or furnace etc.). 2 colloq. Fill oneself with food. [back-formation from +stoker]

Stokehold  n. Compartment in a steamship containing its boilers and furnace.

Stokehole  n. Space for stokers in front of a furnace.

Stoker  n. Person who tends a furnace, esp. On a steamship. [dutch]

Stol  abbr. Short take-off and landing.

Stole1  n. 1 woman's garment like a long wide scarf, worn over the shoulders. 2 strip of silk etc. Worn similarly by a priest. [greek stole equipment, clothing]

Stole2  past of +steal.

Stolen  past part. Of +steal.

Stolid  adj. Not easily excited or moved; impassive, unemotional. ~ stolidity n. Stolidly adv. [latin]

Stoma  n. (pl. -s or stomata) 1 minute pore in the epidermis of a leaf. 2 small mouthlike artificial orifice made in the stomach. [greek stoma mouth]

Stomach  —n. 1 a internal organ in which digestion occurs. B any of several such organs in animals. 2 lower front of the body. 3 (usu. Foll. By for) a appetite. B inclination. —v. 1 find palatable. 2 endure (usu. With neg.: cannot stomach it). [greek stoma mouth]

Stomach-ache  n. Pain in the belly or bowels.

Stomacher  n. Hist. Pointed bodice of a dress, often jewelled or embroidered. [probably french: related to +stomach]

Stomach-pump  n. Syringe for forcing liquid etc. Into or out of the stomach.

Stomach upset  n. Temporary digestive disorder.

Stomp  —v. Tread or stamp heavily. —n. Lively jazz dance with heavy stamping. [var. Of +stamp]

Stone  —n. 1 a solid non-metallic mineral matter; rock. B small piece of this. 2 (often in comb.) Piece of stone of a definite shape or for a particular purpose. 3 a thing resembling stone, e.g. The hard case of the kernel in some fruits. B (often in pl.) Hard morbid concretion in the body. 4 (pl. Same) unit of weight equal to 14 lb. 5 = +precious stone. 6 (attrib.) Made of stone. —v. (-ning) 1 pelt with stones. 2 remove the stones from (fruit). ~ cast (or throw) stones speak ill of a person. Leave no stone unturned try all possible means. A stone's throw a short distance. [old english]

Stone age  n. Prehistoric period when weapons and tools were made of stone.

Stonechat  n. Small brown bird with black and white markings.

Stone-cold  adj. Completely cold.

Stone-cold sober  predic. Adj. Completely sober.

Stonecrop  n. Succulent rock-plant.

Stoned  adj. Slang drunk or drugged.

Stone-dead  adj. Completely dead.

Stone-deaf  adj. Completely deaf.

Stone-fruit  n. Fruit with flesh enclosing a stone.

Stoneground  adj. (of flour) ground with millstones.

Stonemason  n. Person who cuts, prepares, and builds with stone.

Stonewall  v. 1 obstruct (a discussion or investigation) with evasive answers etc. 2 cricket bat with excessive caution.

Stoneware  n. Ceramic ware which is impermeable and partly vitrified but opaque.

Stonewashed  adj. (esp. Of denim) washed with abrasives to give a worn or faded look.

Stonework  n. Masonry.

Stonker  n. Slang excellent person or thing. ~ stonking adj. [20th c.: origin unknown]

Stony  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 full of stones. 2 a hard, rigid. B unfeeling, uncompromising. ~ stonily adv. Stoniness n.

Stony-broke  adj. Slang entirely without money.

Stood  past and past part. Of +stand.

Stooge  colloq. —n. 1 butt or foil, esp. For a comedian. 2 assistant or subordinate, esp. For routine or unpleasant work. —v. (-ging) 1 (foll. By for) act as a stooge for. 2 (foll. By about, around, etc.) Move about aimlessly. [origin unknown]

Stook  —n. Group of sheaves of grain stood on end in a field. —v. Arrange in stooks. [related to low german stuke]

Stool  n. 1 single seat without a back or arms. 2 = +footstool. 3 (usu. In pl.) = +faeces. [old english]

Stoolball  n. Team game with pairs of batters scoring runs between two bases.

Stool-pigeon  n. 1 person acting as a decoy. 2 police informer.

Stoop1  —v. 1 lower the body, sometimes bending the knee; bend down. 2 stand or walk with the shoulders habitually bent forward. 3 (foll. By to + infin.) Condescend. 4 (foll. By to) descend to (some conduct). —n. Stooping posture. [old english]

Stoop2  n. Us porch, small veranda, or steps in front of a house. [dutch stoep]

Stop  —v. (-pp-) 1 a put an end to the progress, motion, or operation of. B effectively hinder or prevent. C discontinue (stop playing). 2 come to an end (supplies suddenly stopped). 3 cease from motion, speaking, or action. 4 defeat. 5 slang receive (a blow etc.). 6 remain; stay for a short time. 7 (often foll. By up) block or close up (a hole, leak, etc.). 8 not permit or supply as usual (stop their wages). 9 (in full stop payment of or on) instruct a bank to withhold payment on (a cheque). 10 fill (a tooth). 11 press (a violin etc. String) to obtain the required pitch. —n. 1 stopping or being stopped. 2 designated stopping-place for a bus or train etc. 3 = +full stop. 4 device for stopping motion at a particular point. 5 change of pitch effected by stopping a string. 6 a (in an organ) row of pipes of one character. B knob etc. Operating these. 7 optics & photog. = +diaphragm 3a. 8 a effective diameter of a lens. B device for reducing this. 9 (of sound) = +plosive. ~ pull out all the stops make extreme effort. Put a stop to cause to end. Stop at nothing be ruthless. Stop off (or over) break one's journey. [old english]

Stopcock  n. Externally operated valve regulating the flow through a pipe etc.

Stopgap  n. Temporary substitute.

Stop-go  n. Alternate stopping and restarting, esp. Of the economy.

Stopoff  n. Break in a journey.

Stopover  n. Break in a journey, esp. Overnight.

Stoppage  n. 1 interruption of work owing to a strike etc. 2 (in pl.) Sum deducted from pay, for tax, national insurance, etc. 3 condition of being blocked or stopped.

Stopper  —n. Plug for closing a bottle etc. —v. Close with this.

Stop press  n. (often attrib.) Late news inserted in a newspaper after printing has begun.

Stopwatch  n. Watch that can be stopped and started, used to time races etc.

Storage  n. 1 a storing of goods etc. B method of or space for storing. 2 cost of storing. 3 storing of data in a computer etc.

Storage battery  n. (also storage cell) battery (or cell) for storing electricity.

Storage heater  n. Electric heater releasing heat stored outside peak hours.

Store  —n. 1 quantity of something kept available for use. 2 (in pl.) A articles gathered for a particular purpose. B supply of, or place for keeping, these. 3 a = +department store. B esp. Us shop. C (often in pl.) Shop selling basic necessities. 4 warehouse for keeping furniture etc. Temporarily. 5 device in a computer for keeping retrievable data. —v. (-ring) 1 (often foll. By up, away) accumulate for future use. 2 put (furniture etc.) In a store. 3 stock or provide with something useful. 4 keep (data) for retrieval. ~ in store 1 kept in readiness. 2 coming in the future. 3 (foll. By for) awaiting. Set store by consider important. [french estore(r) from latin instauro renew]

Storehouse  n. Storage place.

Storekeeper  n. 1 storeman. 2 us shopkeeper.

Storeman  n. Person in charge of a store of goods.

Storeroom  n. Storage room.

Storey  n. (pl. -s) 1 = +floor n. 3. 2 thing forming a horizontal division. ~ -storeyed adj. (in comb.). [anglo-latin: related to +history, perhaps originally meaning a tier of painted windows]

Storied  adj. Literary celebrated in or associated with stories or legends.

Stork  n. Long-legged usu. White wading bird. [old english]

Storm  —n. 1 violent atmospheric disturbance with strong winds and usu. Thunder, rain, or snow. 2 violent political etc. Disturbance. 3 (foll. By of) a violent shower of missiles or blows. B outbreak of applause, hisses, etc. 4 a direct assault by troops on a fortified place. B capture by such an assault. —v. 1 attack or capture by storm. 2 (usu. Foll. By in, out of, etc.) Move violently or angrily (stormed out). 3 (often foll. By at, away) talk violently, rage, bluster. ~ take by storm 1 capture by direct assault. 2 rapidly captivate. [old english]

Storm centre  n. 1 point to which the wind spirals inward in a cyclonic storm. 2 centre of controversy etc.

Storm cloud  n. 1 heavy rain-cloud. 2 threatening situation.

Storm-door  n. Additional outer door.

Storm in a teacup  n. Great excitement over a trivial matter.

Storm petrel  n. (also stormy petrel) 1 small black and white n. Atlantic petrel. 2 person causing unrest.

Storm trooper  n. Member of the storm troops.

Storm troops  n.pl. 1 = +shock troops. 2 hist. Nazi political militia.

Stormy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of or affected by storms. 2 (of a wind etc.) Violent. 3 full of angry feeling or outbursts (stormy meeting). ~ stormily adv. Storminess n.

Stormy petrel  var. Of +storm petrel.

Story  n. (pl. -ies) 1 account of imaginary or past events; tale, anecdote. 2 history of a person or institution etc. 3 (in full story-line) narrative or plot of a novel, play, etc. 4 facts or experiences worthy of narration. 5 colloq. Fib. [anglo-french estorie from latin: related to +history]

Storyteller  n. 1 person who tells stories. 2 colloq. Liar. ~ storytelling n. & adj.

Stoup  n. 1 basin for holy-water. 2 archaic flagon, beaker. [old norse]

Stout  —adj. 1 rather fat, corpulent, bulky. 2 thick or strong. 3 brave, resolute. —n. Strong dark beer. ~ stoutly adv. Stoutness n. [anglo-french from germanic]

Stout-hearted  adj. Courageous.

Stove1  n. Closed apparatus burning fuel or using electricity for heating or cooking. [low german or dutch]

Stove2  past and past part. Of +stave v.

Stove-pipe  n. Pipe carrying smoke and gases from a stove to a chimney.

Stow  v. Pack (goods, cargo, etc.) Tidily and compactly. ~ stow away 1 place (a thing) out of the way. 2 be a stowaway on a ship etc. [from +bestow]

Stowage  n. 1 stowing. 2 place for this.

Stowaway  n. Person who hides on a ship or aircraft etc. To travel free.

Strabismus  n. Med. Squinting, squint. [greek strabos squinting]

Straddle  v. (-ling) 1 a sit or stand across (a thing) with the legs spread. B be situated on both sides of. 2 part (one's legs) widely. [from +stride]

Strafe  v. (-fing) bombard; attack with gunfire. [german, = punish]

Straggle  —v. (-ling) 1 lack compactness or tidiness. 2 be dispersed or sporadic. 3 trail behind in a race etc. —n. Straggling or scattered group. ~ straggler n. Straggly adj. (-ier, -iest). [origin uncertain]

Straight  —adj. 1 extending uniformly in the same direction; not bent or curved. 2 successive, uninterrupted (three straight wins). 3 ordered; level; tidy (put things straight). 4 honest, candid. 5 (of thinking etc.) Logical. 6 (of theatre, music, etc.) Serious, classical, not popular or comic. 7 a unmodified. B (of a drink) undiluted. 8 colloq. A (of a person etc.) Conventional, respectable. B heterosexual. 9 direct, undeviating. —n. 1 straight part, esp. The concluding stretch of a racetrack. 2 straight condition. 3 sequence of five cards in poker. 4 colloq. Conventional person; heterosexual. —adv. 1 in a straight line; direct. 2 in the right direction. 3 correctly. ~ go straight (of a criminal) become honest. Straight away immediately. Straight off colloq. Without hesitation. ~ straightish adj. Straightness n. [originally a past part. Of +stretch]

Straightaway  adv. = straight away.

Straighten  v. 1 (often foll. By out) make or become straight. 2 (foll. By up) stand erect after bending.

Straight eye  n. Ability to detect deviation from the straight.

Straight face  n. Intentionally expressionless face. ~ straight-faced adj.

Straight fight  n. Polit. Contest between two candidates only.

Straight flush  n. Flush in numerical sequence.

Straightforward  adj. 1 honest or frank. 2 (of a task etc.) Simple.

Straight man  n. Comedian's stooge.

Strain1  —v. 1 stretch tightly; make or become taut or tense. 2 injure by overuse or excessive demands. 3 exercise (oneself, one's senses, a thing, etc.) Intensely; press to extremes. 4 strive intensively. 5 (foll. By at) tug, pull. 6 distort from the true intention or meaning. 7 a clear (a liquid) of solid matter by passing it through a sieve etc. B (foll. By out) filter (solids) out from a liquid. —n. 1 a act of straining. B force exerted in this. 2 injury caused by straining a muscle etc. 3 severe mental or physical demand or exertion (suffering from strain). 4 snatch of music or poetry. 5 tone or tendency in speech or writing (more in the same strain). [french estrei(g)n- from latin stringo]

Strain2  n. 1 breed or stock of animals, plants, etc. 2 tendency; characteristic. [old english, = begetting]

Strained  adj. 1 constrained, artificial. 2 (of a relationship) mutually distrustful or tense.

Strainer  n. Device for straining liquids etc.

Strait  n. 1 (in sing. Or pl.) Narrow channel connecting two large bodies of water. 2 (usu. In pl.) Difficulty or distress. [french estreit from latin strictus narrow]

Straitened  adj. Of or marked by poverty.

Strait-jacket  —n. 1 strong garment with long sleeves for confining a violent prisoner etc. 2 restrictive measures. —v. (-t-) 1 restrain with a strait-jacket. 2 severely restrict.

Strait-laced  adj. Puritanical.

Strand1  —v. 1 run aground. 2 (as stranded adj.) In difficulties, esp. Without money or transport. —n. Foreshore; beach. [old english]

Strand2  n. 1 each of the twisted threads or wires making a rope or cable etc. 2 single thread or strip of fibre. 3 lock of hair. 4 element; component. [origin unknown]

Strange  adj. 1 unusual, peculiar, surprising, eccentric. 2 (often foll. By to) unfamiliar, foreign. 3 (foll. By to) unaccustomed. 4 not at ease. ~ strangely adv. Strangeness n. [french estrange from latin extraneus]

Stranger  n. 1 person new to a particular place or company. 2 (often foll. By to) person one does not know. 3 (foll. By to) person unaccustomed to (no stranger to controversy).

Strangle  v. (-ling) 1 squeeze the windpipe or neck of, esp. So as to kill. 2 hamper, suppress. ~ strangler n. [latin strangulo]

Stranglehold  n. 1 throttling hold in wrestling. 2 deadly grip. 3 complete control.

Strangulate  v. (-ting) compress (a vein, intestine, etc.), preventing circulation. [latin: related to +strangle]

Strangulation  n. 1 strangling or being strangled. 2 strangulating.

Strap  —n. 1 strip of leather etc., often with a buckle, for holding things together etc. 2 narrow strip of fabric worn over the shoulders as part of a garment. 3 loop for grasping to steady oneself in a moving vehicle. 4 (the strap) punishment by beating with a leather strap. —v. (-pp-) 1 (often foll. By down, up, etc.) Secure or bind with a strap. 2 beat with a strap. ~ strapless adj. [dial., = +strop]

Straphanger  n. Slang standing passenger in a bus, train, etc. ~ straphang v.

Strapping  adj. Large and sturdy.

Strata  pl. Of +stratum.

Usage  it is incorrect to use strata as the singular noun instead of stratum.

Stratagem  n. 1 cunning plan or scheme. 2 trickery. [greek strategos a general]

Strategic  adj. 1 of or promoting strategy. 2 (of materials) essential in war. 3 (of bombing or weapons) done or for use as a longer-term military objective. ~ strategically adv.

Strategy  n. (pl. -ies) 1 long-term plan or policy (economic strategy). 2 art of war. 3 art of moving troops, ships, aircraft, etc. Into favourable positions. ~ strategist n.

Strathspey  n. 1 slow scottish dance. 2 music for this. [strathspey, valley of the river spey]

Stratify  v. (-ies, -ied) (esp. As stratified adj.) Arrange in strata or grades etc. ~ stratification n. [french: related to +stratum]

Stratigraphy  n. Geol. & archaeol. 1 relative position of strata. 2 the study of this. ~ stratigraphic adj. [from +stratum]

Stratosphere  n. Layer of atmosphere above the troposphere, extending to about 50 km from the earth's surface. ~ stratospheric adj. [from +stratum]

Stratum  n. (pl. Strata) 1 layer or set of layers of any deposited substance, esp. Of rock. 2 atmospheric layer. 3 social class. [latin sterno strew]

Straw  n. 1 dry cut stalks of grain as fodder or material for bedding, packing, etc. 2 single stalk of straw. 3 thin tube for sucking drink through. 4 insignificant thing. 5 pale yellow colour. ~ clutch at straws try any remedy in desperation. Straw in the wind indication of future developments. [old english]

Strawberry  n. (pl. -ies) 1 pulpy red fruit with a seed-studded surface. 2 plant with runners and white flowers bearing this. [old english: related to +straw, for unknown reason]

Strawberry mark  n. Reddish birthmark.

Straw vote  n. (also straw poll) unofficial ballot as a test of opinion.

Stray  —v. 1 wander from the right place or from one's companions; go astray. 2 deviate morally or mentally. —n. Strayed person, animal, or thing. —adj. 1 strayed, lost. 2 isolated, occasional. 3 physics wasted or unwanted. [anglo-french strey: related to +astray]

Streak  —n. 1 long thin usu. Irregular line or band, esp. Of colour. 2 strain in a person's character. 3 spell or series (winning streak). —v. 1 mark with streaks. 2 move very rapidly. 3 colloq. Run naked in public. ~ streaker n. [old english, = pen-stroke]

Streaky  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 full of streaks. 2 (of bacon) with streaks of fat.

Stream  —n. 1 flowing body of water, esp. A small river. 2 flow of a fluid or of a mass of people. 3 current or direction in which things are moving or tending (against the stream). 4  group of schoolchildren of similar ability taught together. —v. 1 move as a stream. 2 run with liquid. 3 be blown in the wind. 4 emit a stream of (blood etc.). 5  arrange (schoolchildren) in streams. ~ on stream in operation or production.

Streamer  n. 1 long narrow strip of ribbon or paper. 2 long narrow flag. 3 banner headline.

Streamline  v. (-ning) 1 give (a vehicle etc.) The form which presents the least resistance to motion. 2 make simple or more efficient.

Street  n. 1 a public road in a city, town, or village. B this with the houses etc. On each side. 2 people who live or work in a particular street. ~ on the streets living by prostitution. Streets ahead (often foll. By of) colloq. Much superior (to). Up (or right up) one's street colloq. What one likes, knows about, etc. [old english]

Streetcar  n. Us tram.

Street credibility  n. (also street cred) slang familiarity with a fashionable urban subculture.

Streetwalker  n. Prostitute seeking customers in the street.

Streetwise  n. Knowing how to survive modern urban life.

Strength  n. 1 being strong; degree or manner of this. 2 a person or thing giving strength. B positive attribute. 3 number of people present or available; full number. ~ from strength to strength with ever-increasing success. In strength in large numbers. On the strength of on the basis of. [old english: related to +strong]

Strengthen  v. Make or become stronger.

Strenuous  adj. 1 requiring or using great effort. 2 energetic. ~ strenuously adv. [latin]

Streptococcus  n. (pl. -cocci) bacterium of a type often causing infectious diseases. ~ streptococcal adj. [greek streptos twisted, kokkos berry]

Streptomycin  n. Antibiotic effective against many disease-producing bacteria. [greek streptos twisted, mukes fungus]

Stress  —n. 1 a pressure or tension. B quantity measuring this. 2 a physical or mental strain. B distress caused by this. 3 a emphasis. B emphasis on a syllable or word. —v. 1 emphasize. 2 subject to stress. ~ lay stress on emphasize. [shortening of +distress]

Stressful  adj. Causing stress.

Stretch  —v. 1 draw, be drawn, or be able to be drawn out in length or size. 2 make or become taut. 3 place or lie at full length or spread out. 4 (also absol.) A extend (a limb etc.). B thrust out one's limbs and tighten one's muscles after being relaxed. 5 have a specified length or extension; extend. 6 strain or exert extremely; exaggerate (stretch the truth). —n. 1 continuous extent, expanse, or period. 2 stretching or being stretched. 3 (attrib.) Elastic (stretch fabric). 4 colloq. Period of imprisonment etc. 5 us straight side of a racetrack. ~ at a stretch in one period. Stretch one's legs exercise oneself by walking. Stretch out 1 extend (a limb etc.). 2 last; prolong. Stretch a point agree to something not normally allowed. ~ stretchy adj. (-ier, -iest). [old english]

Stretcher  n. 1 two poles with canvas etc. Between, for carrying a person in a lying position. 2 brick etc. Laid along the face of a wall.

Strew  v. (past part. Strewn or strewed) 1 scatter or spread about over a surface. 2 (usu. Foll. By with) spread (a surface) with scattered things. [old english: related to +straw]

'Strewth  var. Of +'struth.

Stria  n. (pl. Striae) slight ridge or furrow. [latin]

Striate  —adj. (also striated) marked with striae. —v. (-ting) mark with slight ridges. ~ striation n.

Stricken  adj. Overcome with illness or misfortune etc. [archaic past part. Of +strike]

Strict  adj. 1 precisely limited or defined; undeviating (strict diet). 2 requiring complete obedience or exact performance. ~ strictly speaking applying words or rules in their strict sense.~ strictly adv. Strictness n. [latin stringo strict- draw tight] 

Stricture  n. (usu. In pl.; often foll. By on, upon) critical or censorious remark. [latin: related to +strict]

Stride  —v. (-ding; past strode; past part. Stridden) 1 walk with long firm steps. 2 cross with one step. 3 bestride. —n. 1 a single long step. B length of this. 2 gait as determined by the length of stride. 3 (usu. In pl.) Progress (great strides). 4 steady progress (get into one's stride). ~ take in one's stride manage easily. [old english]

Strident  adj. Loud and harsh. ~ stridency n. Stridently adv. [latin strido creak]

Strife  n. Conflict; struggle. [french estrif: related to +strive]

Strike  —v. (-king; past struck; past part. Struck or archaic stricken) 1 deliver (a blow) or inflict a blow on; hit. 2 come or bring sharply into contact with (ship struck a rock). 3 propel or divert with a blow. 4 (cause to) penetrate (struck terror into him). 5 ignite (a match) or produce (sparks etc.) By friction. 6 make (a coin) by stamping. 7  produce (a musical note) by striking. 8 a (also absol.) (of a clock) indicate (the time) with a chime etc. B (of time) be so indicated. 9 a attack suddenly. B (of a disease) afflict. 10 cause to become suddenly (struck dumb). 11 reach or achieve (strike a balance). 12 agree on (a bargain). 13 assume (an attitude) suddenly and dramatically. 14 discover or find (oil etc.) By drilling etc. 15 occur to or appear to (strikes me as silly). 16  (of employees) engage in a strike. 17 lower or take down (a flag or tent etc.). 18 take a specified direction. 19 (also absol.) Secure a hook in the mouth of (a fish) by jerking the tackle. —n. 1 act of striking. 2 a organized refusal to work until a grievance is remedied. B similar refusal to participate. 3 sudden find or success. 4 attack, esp. From the air. ~ on strike taking part in an industrial etc. Strike. Strike home 1 deal an effective blow. 2 have the intended effect. Strike off 1 remove with a stroke. 2 delete (a name etc.) From a list, esp. A professional register. Strike out 1 hit out. 2 act vigorously. 3 delete (an item or name etc.). 4 set off (struck out eastwards). Strike up 1 start (an acquaintance, conversation, etc.), esp. Casually. 2 (also absol.) Begin playing (a tune etc.). Struck on colloq. Infatuated with. [old english, = go, stroke]

Strikebreaker  n. Person working or employed in place of strikers.

Strike pay  n. Allowance paid to strikers by their union.

Striker  n. 1 employee on strike. 2 football attacking player positioned forward.

Striking  adj. Impressive; attracting attention. ~ strikingly adv.

Strine  n. 1 comic transliteration of australian pronunciation. 2 (esp. Uneducated) australian english. [= australian in strine]

String  —n. 1 twine or narrow cord. 2 piece of this or of similar material used for tying or holding together, pulling, forming the head of a racket, etc. 3 length of catgut or wire etc. On a musical instrument, producing a note by vibration. 4 a (in pl.) Stringed instruments in an orchestra etc. B (attrib.) Of stringed instruments (string quartet). 5 (in pl.) Condition or complication (no strings attached). 6 set of things strung together; series or line. 7 tough side of a bean-pod etc. —v. (past and past part. Strung) 1 fit (a racket, violin, archer's bow, etc.) With a string or strings, or (a violin etc. Bow) with horsehairs etc. 2 tie with string. 3 thread on a string. 4 arrange in or as a string. 5  remove the strings from (a bean). ~ on a string under one's control. String along colloq. 1 deceive. 2 (often foll. By with) keep company (with). String out extend; prolong. String up 1 hang up on strings etc. 2 kill by hanging. 3 (usu. As strung up adj.) Make tense. [old english]

String-course  n. Raised horizontal band of bricks etc. On a building.

Stringed  adj. (of musical instruments) having strings.

Stringent  adj. (of rules etc.) Strict, precise; leaving no loophole for discretion. ~ stringency n. Stringently adv. [latin: related to +strict]

Stringer  n. 1 longitudinal structural member in a framework, esp. Of a ship or aircraft. 2 colloq. Freelance newspaper correspondent.

String vest  n. Vest with large meshes.

Stringy  adj. (-ier, -iest) like string, fibrous. ~ stringiness n.

Strip1  —v. (-pp-) 1 (often foll. By of) remove the clothes or covering from. 2 (often foll. By off) undress oneself. 3 (often foll. By of) deprive (a person) of property or titles. 4 leave bare. 5 (often foll. By down) remove the accessory fittings of or take apart (a machine etc.). 6 damage the thread of (a screw) or the teeth of (a gearwheel). 7 remove (paint) or remove paint from (a surface) with solvent. 8 (often foll. By from) pull (a covering etc.) Off (stripped the masks from their faces). —n. 1 act of stripping, esp. In striptease. 2 colloq. Distinctive outfit worn by a sports team. [old english]

Strip2  n. Long narrow piece. ~ tear a person off a strip colloq. Rebuke a person. [low german strippe strap]

Strip cartoon  n. = +comic strip.

Strip club  n. Club at which striptease is performed.

Stripe  n. 1 long narrow band or strip differing in colour or texture from the surface on either side of it. 2 mil. Chevron etc. Denoting military rank. [perhaps from low german or dutch]

Striped  adj. Marked with stripes.

Strip light  n. Tubular fluorescent lamp.

Stripling  n. Youth not yet fully grown. [from +strip2]

Stripper  n. 1 person or thing that strips something. 2 device or solvent for removing paint etc. 3 striptease performer.

Strip-search  —n. Search involving the removal of all a person's clothes. —v. Search in this way.

Striptease  n. Entertainment in which the performer slowly and erotically undresses.

Stripy  adj. (-ier, -iest) striped.

Strive  v. (-ving; past strove; past part. Striven) 1 try hard (strive to succeed). 2 (often foll. By with, against) struggle. [french estriver]

Strobe  n. Colloq. Stroboscope. [abbreviation]

Stroboscope  n. 1 physics instrument for determining speeds of rotation etc. By shining a bright light at intervals so that a rotating object appears stationary. 2 lamp made to flash intermittently, esp. For this purpose. ~ stroboscopic adj. [greek strobos whirling]

Strode  past of +stride.

Stroke  —n. 1 act of striking; blow, hit. 2 sudden disabling attack caused esp. By thrombosis; apoplexy. 3 a action or movement, esp. As one of a series. B slightest action (stroke of work). 4 single complete motion of a wing, oar, etc. 5 (in rowing) the mode or action of moving the oar (row a fast stroke). 6 whole motion of a piston in either direction. 7 specified mode of swimming. 8 specially successful or skilful effort (a stroke of diplomacy).

Stroll  —v. Walk in a leisurely way. —n. Short leisurely walk. [probably from german strolch vagabond]

Strolling players  n.pl. Hist. Travelling actors etc.

Strong  —adj. (stronger; strongest) 1 able to resist; not easily damaged, overcome, or disturbed. 2 healthy. 3 capable of exerting great force or of doing much; muscular, powerful. 4 forceful in effect (strong wind). 5 firmly held (strong suspicion). 6 (of an argument etc.) Convincing. 7 intense (strong light). 8 formidable (strong candidate). 9 (of a solution or drink etc.) Not very diluted. 10 of a specified number (200 strong). 11 gram. (of a verb) forming inflections by a change of vowel within the stem (e.g. Swim, swam). —adv. Strongly. ~ come on strong behave aggressively. Going strong colloq. Continuing vigorously; in good health etc. ~ strongish adj. Strongly adv. [old english]

Strong-arm  attrib. Adj. Using force (strong-arm tactics).

Strongbox  n. Small strongly made chest for valuables.

Stronghold  n. 1 fortified place. 2 secure refuge. 3 centre of support for a cause etc.

Strong language  n. Swearing.

Strong-minded  adj. Determined.

Strong point  n. (also strong suit) thing at which one excels.

Strongroom  n. Room, esp. In a bank, for keeping valuables safe from fire and theft.

Strontium  n. Soft silver-white metallic element. [strontian in scotland]

Strontium-90  n. Radioactive isotope of strontium found in nuclear fallout and concentrated in bones and teeth when ingested.

Strop  —n. Device, esp. A strip of leather, for sharpening razors. —v. (-pp-) sharpen on a strop. [low german or dutch]

Stroppy  adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. Bad-tempered; awkward to deal with. [origin uncertain]

Strove  past of +strive.

Struck  past and past part. Of +strike.

Structural  adj. Of a structure. ~ structurally adv.

Structuralism  n. Doctrine that structure rather than function is important. ~ structuralist n. & adj.

Structure  —n. 1 a constructed unit, esp. A building. B way in which a building etc. Is constructed. 2 framework (new wages structure). —v. (-ring) give structure to; organize. [latin struo struct- build]

Strudel  n. Thin leaved pastry rolled round a filling and baked. [german]

Struggle  —v. (-ling) 1 violently try to get free of restraint. 2 (often foll. By for, or to + infin.) Try hard under difficulties (struggled for power; struggled to win). 3 (foll. By with, against) contend; fight. 4 (foll. By along, up, etc.) Progress with difficulty. 5 (esp. As struggling adj.) Have difficulty in gaining recognition or a living (struggling artist). —n. 1 act or spell of struggling. 2 hard or confused contest. [origin uncertain]

Strum  —v. (-mm-) 1 (often foll. By on; also absol.) Play on (a guitar, piano, etc.), esp. Carelessly or unskilfully. 2 play (a tune etc.) In this way. —n. Sound or spell of strumming. [imitative: cf. +thrum1]

Strumpet  n. Archaic or rhet. Prostitute. [origin unknown]

Strung  past and past part. Of +string.

Strut  —n. 1 bar in a framework, designed to resist compression. 2 strutting gait. —v. (-tt-) 1 walk stiffly and pompously. 2 brace with struts. [old english]

'Struth  int. (also 'strewth) colloq. Exclamation of surprise. [god's truth]

Strychnine  n. Highly poisonous alkaloid used in small doses as a stimulant. [greek strukhnos nightshade]

Sts  abbr. Saints.

Stub  —n. 1 remnant of a pencil or cigarette etc. 2 counterfoil of a cheque or receipt etc. 3 stump. —v. (-bb-) 1 strike (one's toe) against something. 2 (usu. Foll. By out) extinguish (a cigarette) by pressure. [old english]

Stubble  n. 1 stalks of corn etc. Left in the ground after the harvest. 2 short stiff hair or bristles. ~ stubbly adj. [latin stupula]

Stubborn  adj. Obstinate, inflexible. ~ stubbornly adj. Stubbornness n. [origin unknown]

Stubby  adj. (-ier, -est) short and thick.

Stucco  —n. (pl. -es) plaster or cement for coating walls or moulding into decorations. —v. (-es, -ed) coat with stucco. [italian]

Stuck  past and past part. Of +stick2.

Stuck-up  adj. Conceited, snobbish. [+stick2]

Stud1  —n. 1 large-headed projecting nail, boss, or knob, esp. For ornament. 2 double button, esp. For use with two buttonholes in a shirt-front. —v. (-dd-) 1 set with or as with studs. 2 (as studded adj.) (foll. By with) thickly set or strewn with. [old english]

Stud2  n. 1 a number of horses kept for breeding etc. B place where these are kept. 2 stallion. 3 colloq. Young man, esp. One noted for sexual prowess. 4 (in full stud poker) form of poker with betting after the dealing of cards face up. ~ at stud (of a stallion) hired out for breeding. [old english]

Stud-book  n. Book containing the pedigrees of horses.

Studding-sail  n. Extra sail set in light winds. [low german or dutch]

Student  n. 1 person who is studying, esp. At a place of higher or further education. 2 (attrib.) Studying in order to become (student nurse). ~ studentship n. [latin: related to +study]

Stud-farm  n. Place where horses are bred.

Studio  n. (pl. -s) 1 workroom of a painter, photographer, etc. 2 place for making films, recordings, or broadcast programmes. [italian]

Studio couch  n. Couch convertible into a bed.

Studio flat  n. One-roomed flat.

Studious  adj. 1 assiduous in study. 2 painstaking. ~ studiously adv. [latin: related to +study]

Study  —n. (pl. -ies) 1 acquisition of knowledge, esp. From books. 2 (in pl.) Pursuit of academic knowledge. 3 private room used for reading, writing, etc. 4 piece of work, esp. A drawing, done for practice or as an experiment. 5 portrayal in literature etc. Of behaviour or character etc. 6 musical composition designed to develop a player's skill. 7 thing worth observing (his face was a study). 8 thing that is or deserves to be investigated. —v. (-ies, -ied) 1 make a study of; investigate (a subject) (study law). 2 (often foll. By for) apply oneself to study. 3 scrutinize closely (a visible object). 4 learn (one's role etc.). 5 take pains to achieve (a result) or pay regard to (a subject or principle etc.). 6 (as studied adj.) Deliberate, affected (studied politeness). [latin studium]

Stuff  —n. 1 material; fabric. 2 substance or things not needing to be specified (lot of stuff on the news). 3 particular knowledge or activity (know one's stuff). 4 woollen fabric. 5 trash, nonsense. 6 (prec. By the) a colloq. Supply, esp. Of drink or drugs. B slang money. —v. 1 pack (a receptacle) tightly (stuff a cushion with feathers). 2 (foll. By in, into) force or cram (a thing). 3 fill out the skin of (an animal etc.) With material to restore the original shape. 4 fill (food, esp. Poultry) with a mixture, esp. Before cooking. 5 (also refl.) Fill with food; eat greedily. 6 push, esp. Hastily or clumsily. 7 (usu. In passive; foll. By up) block up (the nose etc.).

Stuffed shirt  n. Colloq. Pompous person.

Stuffing  n. 1 padding for cushions etc. 2 mixture used to stuff food, esp. Before cooking.

Stuffy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 (of a room etc.) Lacking fresh air. 2 dull or uninteresting. 3 (of the nose etc.) Stuffed up. 4 dull and conventional. ~ stuffily adv. Stuffiness n.

Stultify  v. (-ies, -ied) make ineffective or useless, esp. By routine. ~ stultification n. [latin stultus foolish]

Stumble  —v. (-ling) 1 involuntarily lurch forward or almost fall. 2 (often foll. By along) walk with repeated stumbles. 3 speak haltingly. 4 (foll. By on, upon, across) find by chance. —n. Act of stumbling. [related to +stammer]

Stumbling-block  n. Obstacle.

Stump  —n. 1 part of a cut or fallen tree still in the ground. 2 similar part (e.g. Of a branch or limb) cut off or worn down. 3 cricket each of the three uprights of a wicket. 4 (in pl.) Joc. Legs. —v. 1 (of a question etc.) Be too hard for; baffle. 2 (as stumped adj.) At a loss, baffled. 3 cricket put (a batsman) out by touching the stumps with the ball while he is out of the crease. 4 walk stiffly or noisily. 5 (also absol.) Us traverse (a district) making political speeches. ~ stump up colloq. Pay or produce (the money required). [low german or dutch]

Stumpy  adj. (-ier, -iest) short and thick. ~ stumpiness n.

Stun  v. (-nn-) 1 knock senseless; stupefy. 2 bewilder, shock. [french: related to +astonish]

Stung  past and past part. Of +sting.

Stunk  past and past part. Of +stink.

Stunner  n. Colloq. Stunning person or thing.

Stunning  adj. Colloq. Extremely attractive or impressive. ~ stunningly adv.

Stunt1  v. Retard the growth or development of. [obsolete stunt foolish, short]

Stunt2  n. 1 something unusual done for publicity. 2 trick or daring feat. [origin unknown]

Stunt man  n. Man employed to perform dangerous stunts in place of an actor.

Stupefy  v. (-ies, -ied) 1 make stupid or insensible. 2 astonish, amaze. ~ stupefaction n. [french from latin stupeo be amazed]

Stupendous  adj. Amazing or prodigious, esp. In size. ~ stupendously adv. [latin: related to +stupefy]

Stupid  adj. (stupider, stupidest) 1 unintelligent, foolish (a stupid fellow). 2 typical of stupid persons (stupid mistake). 3 uninteresting, boring. 4 in a stupor. ~ stupidity n. (pl. -ies). Stupidly adv. [latin: related to +stupendous]

Stupor  n. Dazed, torpid, or helplessly amazed state. [latin: related to +stupefy]

Sturdy  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 robust; strongly built. 2 vigorous (sturdy resistance). ~ sturdily adv. Sturdiness n. [french esturdi]

Sturgeon  n. (pl. Same or -s) large sharklike fish yielding caviare. [anglo-french from germanic]

Stutter  —v. 1 stammer, esp. By involuntary repetition of the initial consonants of words. 2 (often foll. By out) utter (words) in this way. —n. Act or habit of stuttering. [dial. Stut]

Sty1  n. (pl. Sties) = +pigsty. [old english]

Sty2  n. (also stye) (pl. Sties or styes) inflamed swelling on the edge of an eyelid. [old english]

Stygian  adj. Literary dark, gloomy. [literally = of the styx, a river round hades in greek mythology]

Style  —n. 1 kind or sort, esp. In regard to appearance and form (elegant style of house). 2 manner of writing, speaking, or performing. 3 distinctive manner of a person, artistic school, or period. 4 correct way of designating a person or thing. 5 superior quality or manner (do it in style). 6 fashion in dress etc. 7 pointed tool for scratching or engraving. 8 bot. Narrow extension of the ovary supporting the stigma. —v. (-ling) 1 design or make etc. In a particular (esp. Fashionable) style. 2 designate in a specified way. [latin stilus]

Stylish  adj. 1 fashionable; elegant. 2 superior. ~ stylishly adv. Stylishness n.

Stylist  n. 1 a designer of fashionable styles etc. B hairdresser. 2 stylish writer or performer.

Stylistic  adj. Of esp. Literary style. ~ stylistically adv.

Stylized  adj. (also -ised) painted, drawn, etc. In a conventional non-realistic style.

Stylus  n. (pl. -luses) 1 sharp needle following a groove in a gramophone record and transmitting the recorded sound for reproduction. 2 pointed writing tool. [latin: related to +style]

Stymie  (also stimy) —n. (pl. -ies) 1 golf situation where an opponent's ball lies between one's ball and the hole. 2 difficult situation. —v. (-mies, -mied, -mying or -mieing) 1 obstruct; thwart. 2 golf block with a stymie. [origin unknown]

Styptic  —adj. Checking bleeding. —n. Styptic substance. [greek stupho contract]

Styrene  n. Liquid hydrocarbon easily polymerized and used in making plastics etc. [greek sturax a resin]

Suasion  n. Formal persuasion (moral suasion). [latin suadeo suas- urge]

Suave  adj. Smooth; polite; sophisticated. ~ suavely adv. Suavity n. [latin suavis]

Sub  colloq. —n. 1 submarine. 2 subscription. 3 substitute. 4 sub-editor. —v. (-bb-) 1 (usu. Foll. By for) act as a substitute. 2  sub-edit. [abbreviation]

Sub-  prefix 1 at, to, or from a lower position (subordinate; submerge; subtract). 2 secondary or inferior position (subclass; subtotal). 3 nearly; more or less (subarctic). [latin]

Subaltern  n. Officer below the rank of captain, esp. A second lieutenant. [latin: related to +alternate]

Sub-aqua  adj. Of underwater swimming or diving.

Subaquatic  adj. Underwater.

Subatomic  adj. Occurring in, or smaller than, an atom.

Subcommittee  n. Committee formed from a main committee for a special purpose.

Subconscious  —adj. Of the part of the mind which is not fully conscious but influences actions etc. —n. This part of the mind. ~ subconsciously adv.

Subcontinent  n. Large land mass, smaller than a continent.

Subcontract  —v. 1 employ another contractor to do (work) as part of a larger project. 2 make or carry out a subcontract. —n. Secondary contract. ~ subcontractor n.

Subculture  n. Distinct cultural group within a larger culture.

Subcutaneous  adj. Under the skin.

Subdivide  v. (-ding) divide again after a first division. ~ subdivision n.

Subdue  v. (-dues, -dued, -duing) 1 conquer, subjugate, or tame. 2 (as subdued adj.) Softened; lacking in intensity; toned down. [latin subduco]

Sub-editor  n. 1 assistant editor. 2 person who edits material for printing. ~ sub-edit v. (-t-).

Subfusc  —adj. Formal dull; dusky. —n. Formal clothing at some universities. [latin fuscus dark brown]

Subgroup  n. Subset of a group.

Subheading  n. Subordinate heading or title.

Subhuman  adj. (of behaviour, intelligence, etc.) Less than human.

Subject  —n. 1 a matter, theme, etc. To be discussed, described, represented, etc. B (foll. By for) person, circumstance, etc., giving rise to a specified feeling, action, etc. (subject for congratulation). 2 field of study. 3 logic & gram.

Subjective  adj. 1 (of art, written history, an opinion, etc.) Not impartial or literal; personal. 2 esp. Philos. Of the individual consciousness or perception; imaginary, partial, or distorted. 3 gram. Of the subject. ~ subjectively adv. Subjectivity n. [latin: related to +subject]

Subjoin  v. Add (an illustration, anecdote, etc.) At the end. [latin subjungo -junct-]

Sub judice  adj. Law under judicial consideration and therefore prohibited from public discussion elsewhere. [latin]

Subjugate  v. (-ting) bring into subjection; vanquish. ~ subjugation n. Subjugator n. [latin jugum yoke]

Subjunctive  gram. —adj. (of a mood) expressing what is imagined, wished, or possible (e.g. If i were you; be that as it may). —n. This mood or form. [latin: related to +subjoin]

Sublease  —n. Lease granted by a tenant to a subtenant. —v. (-sing) lease to a subtenant.

Sublet  —n. = +sublease n. —v. (-tt-; past and past part. -let) = +sublease v.

Sub-lieutenant  n. Officer ranking next below lieutenant.

Sublimate  —v. (-ting) 1 divert (esp. Sexual energy) into socially more acceptable activity. 2 convert (a substance) from the solid state directly to vapour by heat, and usu. Allow it to solidify again. 3 refine; purify; idealize. —n. Sublimated substance. ~ sublimation n. [latin: related to +sublime]

Sublime  —adj. (sublimer, sublimest) 1 of the most exalted or noble kind; awe-inspiring. 2 arrogantly unruffled (sublime indifference). —v. 1 = +sublimate v. 2. 2 purify or elevate by or as if by sublimation; make sublime. 3 become pure (as if) by sublimation. ~ sublimely adv. Sublimity n. [latin sublimis]

Subliminal  adj. Psychol. (of a stimulus etc.) Below the threshold of sensation or consciousness. ~ subliminally adv. [latin limen -min- threshold]

Sub-machine-gun  n. Hand-held lightweight machine-gun.

Submarine  —n. Vessel, esp. An armed warship, capable of operating under water. —attrib. Adj. Existing, occurring, done, or used under the sea. ~ submariner n.

Submerge  v. (-ging) 1 place, go, or dive under water. 2 inundate with work, problems, etc. ~ submergence n. Submersion n. [latin mergo mers- dip]

Submersible  —n. Submarine operating under water for short periods. —adj. Capable of submerging.

Submicroscopic  adj. Too small to be seen by an ordinary microscope.

Submission  n. 1 a submitting or being submitted. B thing submitted. 2 submissiveness. [latin submissio: related to +submit]

Submissive  adj. Humble, obedient. ~ submissively adv. Submissiveness n.

Submit  v. (-tt-) 1 (usu. Foll. By to) a cease resistance; yield. B refl. Surrender (oneself) to the control of another etc. 2 present for consideration. 3 (usu. Foll. By to) subject (a person or thing) to a process, treatment, etc. [latin mitto miss- send]

Subnormal  adj. Below or less than normal, esp. In intelligence.

Suborder  n. Taxonomic category between an order and a family.

Subordinate  —adj. (usu. Foll. By to) of inferior importance or rank; secondary, subservient. —n. Person working under another. —v. (-ting) (usu. Foll. By to) make or treat as subordinate. ~ subordination n. [latin: related to +ordain]

Subordinate clause  n. Clause serving as an adjective, adverb, or noun in a main sentence.

Suborn  v. Induce by bribery etc. To commit perjury etc. [latin orno equip]

Sub-plot  n. Secondary plot in a play etc.

Subpoena  —n. Writ ordering a person to attend a lawcourt. —v. (past and past part. -naed or -na'd) serve a subpoena on. [latin, = under penalty]

Sub rosa  adj. & adv. In secrecy or confidence. [latin, = under the rose]

Subroutine  n. Computing routine designed to perform a frequently used operation within a program.

Subscribe  v. (-bing) 1 (usu. Foll. By to, for) a pay (a specified sum), esp. Regularly, for membership of an organization, receipt of a publication, etc. B contribute money to a fund, for a cause, etc. 2 (usu. Foll. By to) agree with an opinion etc. (i subscribe to that). ~ subscribe to arrange to receive (a periodical etc.) Regularly. [latin scribo script- write]

Subscriber  n. 1 person who subscribes. 2 person hiring a telephone line.

Subscriber trunk dialling  n. Automatic connection of trunk calls by dialling.

Subscript  —adj. Written or printed below the line. —n. Subscript number etc.

Subscription  —n. 1 a act of subscribing. B money subscribed. 2 membership fee, esp. Paid regularly. —attrib. Adj. Paid for mainly by advance sales of tickets (subscription concert).

Subsection  n. Division of a section.

Subsequent  adj. (usu. Foll. By to) following, esp. As a consequence. ~ subsequently adv. [latin sequor follow]

Subservient  adj. 1 servile. 2 (usu. Foll. By to) instrumental. 3 (usu. Foll. By to) subordinate. ~ subservience n. [latin subservio]

Subset  n. Set of which all the elements are contained in another set.

Subside  v. (-ding) 1 become tranquil; abate (excitement subsided). 2 (of water etc.) Sink. 3 (of the ground) cave in; sink. ~ subsidence n. [latin subsido]

Subsidiary  —adj. 1 supplementary; auxiliary. 2 (of a company) controlled by another. —n. (pl. -ies) subsidiary thing, person, or company. [latin: related to +subsidy]

Subsidize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 pay a subsidy to. 2 partially pay for by subsidy.

Subsidy  n. (pl. -ies) 1 money granted esp. By the state to keep down the price of commodities etc. 2 any monetary grant. [latin subsidium help]

Subsist  v. 1 (often foll. By on) keep oneself alive; be kept alive. 2 remain in being; exist. [latin subsisto]

Subsistence  n. 1 state or instance of subsisting. 2 a means of support; livelihood. B (often attrib.) Minimal level of existence or income.

Subsistence farming  n. Farming which supports the farmer's household but produces no surplus.

Subsoil  n. Soil immediately under the surface soil.

Subsonic  adj. Of speeds less than that of sound.

Substance  n. 1 particular kind of material having uniform properties. 2 reality; solidity. 3 content or essence as opposed to form etc. (substance of his remarks). 4 wealth and possessions (woman of substance). ~ in substance generally; essentially. [latin substantia]

Substandard  adj. Of less than the required or normal quality or size.

Substantial  adj. 1 a of real importance or value. B large in size or amount. 2 solid; sturdy. 3 commercially successful; wealthy. 4 essential; largely true. 5 real; existing. ~ substantially adv. [latin: related to +substance]

Substantiate  v. (-ting) prove the truth of (a charge, claim, etc.). ~ substantiation n.

Substantive  —adj. 1 genuine, actual, real. 2 not slight; substantial. —n. Gram. = +noun. ~ substantively adv.

Substitute  —n. 1 (also attrib.) Person or thing acting or used in place of another. 2 artificial alternative to a food etc. —v. (-ting) (often foll. By for) (cause to) act as a substitute. ~ substitution n. [latin substituo -tut-]

Substratum  n. (pl. -ta) underlying layer or substance.

Substructure  n. Underlying or supporting structure.

Subsume  v. (-ming) (usu. Foll. By under) include (an instance, idea, category, etc.) In a rule, class, etc. [latin sumo take]

Subtenant  n. Person renting a room etc. From its tenant. ~ subtenancy n. (pl. -ies).

Subtend  v. (of a line) be opposite (an angle or arc). [latin: related to +tend1]

Subterfuge  n. 1 attempt to avoid blame or defeat esp. By lying or deceit. 2 statement etc. Used for such a purpose. [latin]

Subterranean  adj. Underground. [latin terra land]

Subtext  n. Underlying theme.

Subtitle  —n. 1 secondary or additional title of a book etc. 2 caption on a film etc., esp. Translating dialogue. —v. (-ling) provide with a subtitle or subtitles.

Subtle  adj. (subtler, subtlest) 1 elusive, mysterious; hard to grasp. 2 (of scent, colour, etc.) Faint, delicate. 3 a perceptive (subtle intellect). B ingenious (subtle device). ~ subtlety n. (pl. -ies). Subtly adv. [latin subtilis]

Subtotal  n. Total of one part of a group of figures to be added.

Subtract  v. (often foll. By from) deduct (a number etc.) From another. ~ subtraction n. [latin subtraho draw away]

Subtropics  n.pl. Regions adjacent to the tropics. ~ subtropical adj.

Suburb  n. Outlying district of a city. [latin urbs city]

Suburban  adj. 1 of or characteristic of suburbs. 2 derog. Provincial in outlook. ~ suburbanite n.

Suburbia  n. Often derog. Suburbs, their inhabitants, and their way of life.

Subvention  n. Subsidy. [latin subvenio assist]

Subversive  —adj. Seeking to subvert (esp. A government). —n. Subversive person. ~ subversion n. Subversively adv. Subversiveness n. [medieval latin subversivus: related to +subvert]

Subvert  v. Overthrow or weaken (a government etc.). [latin verto vers- turn]

Subway  n. 1 pedestrian tunnel beneath a road etc. 2 esp. Us underground railway.

Subzero  adj. (esp. Of temperature) lower than zero.

Suc-  prefix assim. Form of +sub- before c.

Succeed  v. 1 a (often foll. By in) have success. B be successful. 2 follow; come next after. 3 (often foll. By to) come into an inheritance, office, title, or property (succeeded to the throne). [latin succedo -cess- come after]

Success  n. 1 accomplishment of an aim; favourable outcome. 2 attainment of wealth, fame, or position. 3 successful thing or person. [latin: related to +succeed]

Successful  adj. Having success; prosperous. ~ successfully adv.

Succession  n. 1 a process of following in order; succeeding. B series of things or people one after another. 2 a right of succeeding to the throne, an office, inheritance, etc. B act or process of so succeeding. C those having such a right. ~ in succession one after another. In succession to as the successor of.

Successive  adj. Following one after another; consecutive. ~ successively adv.

Successor  n. (often foll. By to) person or thing that succeeds another.

Succinct  adj. Brief; concise. ~ succinctly adv. Succinctness n. [latin cingo cinct- gird]

Succor  (brit. Succour) —n. Aid, esp. In time of need. —v. Give succour to. [latin succurro run to help]

Succour  (us succor) —n. Aid, esp. In time of need. —v. Give succour to. [latin succurro run to help]

Succubus  n. (pl. -buses or -bi) female demon formerly believed to have sexual intercourse with sleeping men. [latin, = prostitute]

Succulent  —adj. 1 juicy; palatable. 2 bot. (of a plant, its leaves, or stems) thick and fleshy. —n. Bot. Succulent plant. ~ succulence n. [latin succus juice]

Succumb  v. (usu. Foll. By to) 1 surrender (succumbed to temptation). 2 die (from) (succumbed to his injuries). [latin cumbo lie]

Such  —adj. 1 (often foll. By as) of the kind or degree indicated (such people; people such as these). 2 so great or extreme (not such a fool as that). 3 of a more than normal kind or degree (such awful food). —pron. Such a person or persons; such a thing or things. ~ as such as being what has been indicated or named; in itself (there is no theatre as such). Such as for example. [old english, = so like]

Such-and-such  —attrib. Adj. Of a particular kind but not needing to be specified. —n. Such a person or thing.

Suchlike  colloq. —attrib. Adj. Of such a kind. —n. Things, people, etc. Of such a kind.

Suck  —v. 1 draw (a fluid) into the mouth by suction. 2 (also absol.) Draw fluid from (a thing) in this way. 3 roll the tongue round (a sweet etc.). 4 make a sucking action or sound. 5 (usu. Foll. By down, in) engulf or drown in a sucking movement. —n. Act or period of sucking. ~ suck dry exhaust the contents of by sucking. Suck in 1 absorb. 2 involve (a person) esp. Against his or her will. Suck up 1 (often foll. By to) colloq. Behave obsequiously. 2 absorb. [old english]

Sucker  n. 1 a gullible person. B (foll. By for) person susceptible to. 2 a rubber cup etc. Adhering by suction. B similar organ of an organism. 3 shoot springing from a root or stem below ground.

Suckle  v. (-ling) 1 feed (young) from the breast or udder. 2 feed by sucking the breast etc.

Suckling  n. Unweaned child or animal.

Sucrose  n. Sugar from sugar cane, sugar beet, etc. [french sucre +sugar]

Suction  n. 1 act of sucking. 2 a production of a partial vacuum by the removal of air etc. So that liquid etc. Is forced in or adhesion is procured. B force so produced. [latin sugo suct- suck]

Sudanese  —adj. Of sudan. —n. (pl. Same) 1 native, national, or inhabitant of sudan. 2 person of sudanese descent. [sudan in ne africa]

Sudden  adj. Done or occurring unexpectedly or abruptly. ~ all of a sudden suddenly. ~ suddenly adv. Suddenness n. [latin subitaneus]

Sudden death  n. Colloq. Decision in a tied game etc. Dependent on one move, card, etc.

Sudden infant death syndrome  n. = +cot-death.

Sudorific  —adj. Causing sweating. —n. Sudorific drug. [latin sudor sweat]

Suds  n.pl. Froth of soap and water. ~ sudsy adj. [low german sudde or dutch sudse marsh, bog]

Sue  v. (sues, sued, suing) 1 (also absol.) Begin a law suit against. 2 (often foll. By to, for) make application to a lawcourt for redress. 3 (often foll. By to, for) make entreaty to a person for a favour. [anglo-french suer from latin sequor follow]

Suede  n. (often attrib.) 1 leather with the flesh side rubbed to a nap. 2 cloth imitating it. [french, = sweden]

Suet  n. Hard white fat on the kidneys or loins of oxen, sheep, etc. ~ suety adj. [anglo-french seu, from latin sebum]

Suf-  prefix assim. Form of +sub- before f.

Suffer  v. 1 undergo pain, grief, damage, etc. 2 undergo, experience, or be subjected to (pain, loss, grief, defeat, change, etc.). 3 tolerate (does not suffer fools gladly). 4 (usu. Foll. By to + infin.) Archaic allow. ~ sufferer n. [latin suffero]

Sufferance  n. Tacit consent. ~ on sufferance tolerated but not encouraged. [latin: related to +suffer]

Suffice  v. (-cing) 1 (often foll. By for, or to + infin.) Be adequate. 2 satisfy. ~ suffice it to say i shall say only this. [latin sufficio]

Sufficiency  n. (pl. -ies) (often foll. By of) adequate amount.

Sufficient  adj. Sufficing, adequate. ~ sufficiently adv.

Suffix  —n. Letter(s) added at the end of a word to form a derivative. —v. Append, esp. As a suffix. [latin figo fix- fasten]

Suffocate  v. (-ting) 1 choke or kill by stopping breathing, esp. By pressure, fumes, etc. 2 (often foll. By by, with) produce a choking or breathlessness in. 3 be or feel suffocated. ~ suffocating adj. Suffocation n. [latin suffoco from fauces throat]

Suffragan  n. 1 bishop assisting a diocesan bishop. 2 bishop in relation to his archbishop or metropolitan. [medieval latin suffraganeus]

Suffrage  n. Right of voting in political elections. [latin suffragium]

Suffragette  n. Hist. Woman seeking suffrage by organized protest.

Suffuse  v. (-sing) (of colour, moisture, etc.) Spread throughout from within. ~ suffusion n. [latin suffundo pour over]

Sufi  n. (pl. -s) muslim mystic. ~ sufic adj. Sufism n. [arabic]

Sug-  prefix assim. Form of +sub- before g.

Sugar  —n. 1 sweet crystalline substance esp. From sugar cane and sugar beet, used in cookery etc.; sucrose. 2 chem. Soluble usu. Sweet crystalline carbohydrate, e.g. Glucose. 3 esp. Us colloq. Darling (as a term of address). —v. Sweeten or coat with sugar. [french sukere, from arabic sukkar]

Sugar beet  n. Beet yielding sugar.

Sugar cane  n. Tropical grass yielding sugar.

Sugar-daddy  n. Slang elderly man who lavishes gifts on a young woman.

Sugar loaf  n. Conical moulded mass of sugar.

Sugar soap  n. Alkaline compound for cleaning or removing paint.

Sugary  adj. 1 containing or like sugar. 2 excessively sweet or esp. Sentimental. ~ sugariness n.

Suggest  v. 1 (often foll. By that) propose (a theory, plan, etc.). 2 a evoke (an idea etc.). B hint at. ~ suggest itself (of an idea etc.) Come into the mind. [latin suggero -gest-]

Suggestible  adj. 1 easily influenced. 2 capable of being suggested. ~ suggestibility n.

Suggestion  n. 1 suggesting or being suggested. 2 theory, plan, etc., suggested. 3 slight trace, hint. 4 psychol. Insinuation of a belief etc. Into the mind. [latin: related to +suggest]

Suggestive  adj. 1 (usu. Foll. By of) hinting (at). 2 (of a remark, joke, etc.) Indecent. ~ suggestively adv.

Suicidal  adj. 1 inclined to commit suicide. 2 of suicide. 3 self-destructive; rash. ~ suicidally adv.

Suicide  n. 1 a intentional killing of oneself. B person who commits suicide. 2 self-destructive action or course (political suicide). [latin sui of oneself, +-cide]

Sui generis  adj. Of its own kind; unique. [latin]

Suit  —n. 1 set of matching clothes, usu. A jacket and trousers or skirt. 2 (esp. In comb.) Clothes for a special purpose (swimsuit). 3 any of the four sets (spades, hearts, diamonds, clubs) making up a pack of cards. 4 lawsuit. 5 a petition, esp. To a person in authority. B archaic courting a woman (paid suit to her). —v. 1 go well with (a person's appearance etc.). 2 (also absol.) Meet the demands or requirements of; satisfy; agree with. 3 make fitting; accommodate; adapt. 4 (as suited adj.) Appropriate; well-fitted (not suited to be a nurse). ~ suit oneself do as one chooses. [anglo-french siute]

Suitable  adj. (usu. Foll. By to, for) well-fitted; appropriate. ~ suitability n. Suitably adv.

Suitcase  n. Case for carrying clothes etc., with a handle and a flat hinged lid.

Suite  n. 1 set, esp. Of rooms in a hotel etc. Or a sofa and armchairs. 2 mus. Set of instrumental pieces performed as a unit. [french: related to +suit]

Suitor  n. 1 man wooing a woman. 2 plaintiff or petitioner in a lawsuit. [anglo-french from latin]

Sulfa  n. (brit. Sulpha) any of various sulphonamides (often attrib.: sulpha drug). [abbreviation]

Sulfate  n. (brit. Sulphate) salt or ester of sulphuric acid. [latin +sulphur]

Sulfide  n. (brit. Sulphide) binary compound of sulphur.

Sulfite  n. (brit. Sulphite) salt or ester of sulphurous acid. [french: related to +sulphate]

Sulfonamide  n. (brit. Sulphonamide) any of a class of antibiotic drugs containing sulphur. [german sulfon (related to +sulphur), amide a derivative of +ammonia]

Sulfur  n. (brit. Sulphur) 1 pale-yellow non-metallic element burning with a blue flame and a suffocating smell. 2 pale greenish-yellow colour. [anglo-french from latin]

Sulfureous  adj. (brit. Sulphureous) of or like sulphur.

Sulfuric  adj. (brit. Sulphuric) chem. Containing sulphur with a valency of six.

Sulfurous  adj. (brit. Sulphurous) 1 of or like sulphur. 2 chem. Containing sulphur with a valency of four.

Sulk  —v. Be sulky. —n. (also in pl., prec. By the) period of sullen silence. [perhaps a back-formation from +sulky]

Sulky  adj. (-ier, -iest) sullen or silent, esp. From resentment or bad temper. ~ sulkily adv. Sulkiness n. [perhaps from obsolete sulke hard to dispose of]

Sullen  adj. Passively resentful, sulky, morose. ~ sullenly adv. Sullenness n. [anglo-french sol +sole3]

Sully  v. (-ies, -ied) disgrace or tarnish (a reputation etc.). [french souiller: related to +soil2]

Sulpha  n. (us sulfa) any of various sulphonamides (often attrib.: sulpha drug). [abbreviation]

Sulphate  n. (us sulfate) salt or ester of sulphuric acid. [latin +sulphur]

Sulphide  n. (us sulfide) binary compound of sulphur.

Sulphite  n. (us sulfite) salt or ester of sulphurous acid. [french: related to +sulphate]

Sulphonamide  n. (us sulfonamide) any of a class of antibiotic drugs containing sulphur. [german sulfon (related to +sulphur), amide a derivative of +ammonia]

Sulphur  n. (us sulfur) 1 pale-yellow non-metallic element burning with a blue flame and a suffocating smell. 2 pale greenish-yellow colour. [anglo-french from latin]

Sulphur dioxide  n. Colourless pungent gas formed by burning sulphur in air and dissolving it in water.

Sulphureous  adj. (us sulfureous) of or like sulphur.

Sulphuric  adj. (us sulfuric) chem. Containing sulphur with a valency of six.

Sulphuric acid  n. Dense oily highly corrosive acid.

Sulphurous  adj. (us sulfurous) 1 of or like sulphur. 2 chem. Containing sulphur with a valency of four.

Sulphurous acid  n. A weak acid used as a reducing and bleaching acid.

Sultan  n. Muslim sovereign. ~ sultanate n. [arabic]

Sultana  n. 1 seedless raisin. 2 sultan's mother, wife, concubine, or daughter. [italian]

Sultry  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 (of weather etc.) Hot and close. 2 (of a person etc.) Passionate, sensual. ~ sultrily adv. Sultriness n. [obsolete sulter (v.): related to +swelter]

Sum  —n. 1 total resulting from addition. 2 amount of money (a large sum). 3 a arithmetical problem. B (esp. Pl.) Colloq. Arithmetic work, esp. Elementary. —v. (-mm-) find the sum of. ~ in sum in brief. Sum up 1 (esp. Of a judge) give a summing-up. 2 form or express an opinion of (a person, situation, etc.). 3 summarize. [latin summa]

Sumac  n. (also sumach) 1 shrub with reddish conical fruits used as a spice. 2 dried and ground leaves of this used in tanning and dyeing. [french from arabic]

Summarize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make or be a summary of.

Summary  —n. (pl. -ies) brief account. —adj. Without details or formalities; brief. ~ summarily adv. [latin: related to +sum]

Summation  n. 1 finding of a total. 2 a summing-up.

Summer  n. 1 (often attrib.) Warmest season of the year. 2 (often foll. By of) mature stage of life etc. ~ summery adj. [old english]

Summer-house  n. Light building in a garden etc. For sitting in in fine weather.

Summer pudding  n. Pudding of soft fruit pressed in a bread case.

Summer school  n. Course of summer lectures etc. Held esp. At a university.

Summer solstice  n. Solstice about 21 june.

Summertime  n. Season or period of summer.

Summer time  n. Period from march to october when clocks are advanced an hour.

Summing-up  n. 1 judge's review of evidence given to a jury. 2 recapitulation of the main points of an argument etc.

Summit  n. 1 highest point, top. 2 highest degree of power, ambition, etc. 3 (in full summit meeting, talks, etc.) Conference of heads of government. [latin summus highest]

Summon  v. 1 order to come or appear, esp. In a lawcourt. 2 (usu. Foll. By to + infin.) Call upon (summoned her to assist). 3 call together. 4 (often foll. By up) gather (courage, spirits, resources, etc.). [latin summoneo]

Summons  —n. (pl. Summonses) authoritative call to attend or do something, esp. To appear in court. —v. Esp. Law serve with a summons.

Sumo  n.  Japanese wrestling in which a wrestler is defeated by touching the ground with any part of the body except the soles of the feet or by moving outside the ring. [japanese]

Sump  n. 1 casing holding the oil in an internal-combustion engine. 2 pit, well, hole, etc. In which superfluous liquid collects. [low german or dutch]

Sumptuary  adj. Law regulating (esp. Private) expenditure. [latin sumptus cost]

Sumptuous  adj. Rich, lavish, costly. ~ sumptuously adv. Sumptuousness n. [latin: related to +sumptuary]

Sun.  Abbr. Sunday.

Sun  —n. 1 a the star round which the earth orbits and from which it receives light and warmth. B this light or warmth. 2 any star. —v. (-nn-) refl. Bask in the sun. ~ under the sun anywhere in the world. ~ sunless adj. [old english]

Sunbathe  v. (-thing) bask in the sun, esp. To tan the body. ~ sunbather n.

Sunbeam  n. Ray of sunlight.

Sunbed  n. 1 long lightweight, usu. Folding, chair for sunbathing. 2 bed for lying on under a sun-lamp.

Sunblock  n. Lotion protecting the skin from the sun.

Sunburn  n. Inflammation and tanning of the skin from exposure to the sun. ~ sunburnt adj. (also sunburned).

Sundae  n. Ice-cream with fruit, nuts, syrup, etc. [perhaps from +sunday]

Sunday  —n. 1 first day of the week, a christian holiday and day of worship. 2 colloq. Newspaper published on sundays. —adv. Colloq. 1 on sunday. 2 (sundays) on sundays; each sunday. [old english]

Sunday best  n. Joc. Person's best clothes, esp. For sunday use.

Sunday school  n. Religious class on sundays for children.

Sunder  v. Archaic or literary separate. [old english: cf. +asunder]

Sundew  n. Small insect-consuming bog-plant.

Sundial  n. Instrument showing the time by the shadow of a pointer in sunlight.

Sundown  n. Sunset.

Sundry  —adj. Various; several. —n. (pl. -ies) (in pl.) Items or oddments not mentioned individually. [old english: related to +sunder]

Sunfish  n. (pl. Same or -es) any of various almost spherical fish.

Sunflower  n. Tall plant with large golden-rayed flowers.

Sung  past part. Of +sing.

Sun-glasses  n.pl. Glasses tinted to protect the eyes from sunlight or glare.

Sunk  past and past part. Of +sink.

Sunken  adj. 1 at a lower level; submerged. 2 (of the cheeks etc.) Hollow, depressed. [past part. Of +sink]

Sun-lamp  n. Lamp giving ultraviolet rays for therapy, to tan, etc.

Sunlight  n. Light from the sun.

Sunlit  adj. Illuminated by sunlight.

Sun lounge  n. Room with large windows to receive sunlight.

Sunni  —n. (pl. Same or -s) 1 one of the two main branches of islam, accepting law based not only on the koran, but on muhammad's words and acts. 2 adherent of this branch. —adj. (also sunnite) of or relating to sunni. [arabic sunna = way, rule]

Sunny  adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 bright with or warmed by sunlight. 2 cheery, bright. ~ sunnily adv. Sunniness n.

Sunrise  n. 1 sun's rising. 2 time of this.

Sun-roof  n. Panel in a car's roof that can be opened.

Sunset  n. 1 sun's setting. 2 time of this.

Sunshade  n. Parasol; awning.

Sunshine  n. 1 a light of the sun. B area lit by the sun. 2 fine weather. 3 cheerfulness. 4 colloq. Form of address.

Sunspot  n. Dark patch on the sun's surface.

Sunstroke  n. Acute prostration from excessive exposure to the sun.

Suntan  n. Brownish skin colour caused by exposure to the sun. ~ suntanned adj.

Suntrap  n. Sunny, esp. Sheltered, place.

Sun-up  n. Esp. Us sunrise.

Sup1  —v. (-pp-) 1 take by sips or spoonfuls. 2 esp. N.engl. Colloq. Drink (alcohol). —n. Sip of liquid. [old english]

Sup2  v. (-pp-) archaic take supper. [french]

Sup-  prefix assim. Form of +sub- before p.

Super  —adj. (also as int.) Colloq. Excellent; splendid. —n. Colloq. 1 superintendent. 2 supernumerary. [shortening of words beginning super-]

Super-  comb. Form forming nouns, adjectives, and verbs, meaning: 1 above, beyond, or over (superstructure; supernormal). 2 to an extreme degree (superabundant). 3 extra good or large of its kind (supertanker). 4 of a higher kind (superintendent). [latin] 

Superabundant  adj. Abounding beyond what is normal or right. ~ superabundance n. [latin: related to +super-, +abound]

Superannuate  v. (-ting) 1 pension (a person) off. 2 dismiss or discard as too old. 3 (as superannuated adj.) Too old for work or use. [latin annus year]

Superannuation  n. 1 pension. 2 payment towards this.

Superb  adj. 1 colloq. Excellent. 2 magnificent. ~ superbly adv. [latin, = proud]

Supercargo  n. (pl. -es) officer in a merchant ship managing sales etc. Of cargo. [spanish sobrecargo]

Supercharge  v. (-ging) 1 (usu. Foll. By with) charge (the atmosphere etc.) With energy, emotion, etc. 2 use a supercharger on.

Supercharger  n. Device supplying air or fuel to an internal-combustion engine at above atmospheric pressure to increase efficiency.

Supercilious  adj. Contemptuous; haughty. ~ superciliously adv. Superciliousness n. [latin supercilium eyebrow]

Supercomputer  n. Powerful computer capable of dealing with complex mathematical problems.

Superconductivity  n. Physics property of zero electrical resistance in some substances at very low absolute temperatures. ~ superconducting adj.

Superconductor  n. Physics substance having superconductivity.

Superego  n. (pl. -s) psychol. Part of the mind that acts as a conscience and responds to social rules.

Supererogation  n. Doing more than duty requires. [latin supererogo pay in addition]

Superficial  adj. 1 of or on the surface; lacking depth. 2 swift or cursory (superficial examination). 3 apparent but not real (superficial resemblance). 4 (esp. Of a person) shallow. ~ superficiality n. Superficially adv. [latin: related to +face]

Superfine  adj. Commerce of extra quality. [latin: related to +fine1]

Superfluity  n. (pl. -ies) 1 state of being superfluous. 2 superfluous amount or thing. [latin fluo to flow]

Superfluous  adj. More than is needed or wanted; useless. [latin fluo to flow]

Superglue  n. Exceptionally strong glue.

Supergrass  n. Colloq. Police informer implicating many people.

Superhuman  adj. Exceeding normal human capability.

Superimpose  v. (-sing) (usu. Foll. By on) lay (a thing) on something else. ~ superimposition n.

Superintend  v. Supervise, direct. ~ superintendence n.

Superintendent  n. 1 police officer above the rank of chief inspector. 2 a person who superintends. B director of an institution etc.

Superior  —adj. 1 in a higher position; of higher rank. 2 a high-quality (superior leather). B supercilious (had a superior air). 3 (often foll. By to) better or greater in some respect. 4  written or printed above the line. —n. 1 person superior to another esp. In rank. 2 head of a monastery etc. (mother superior). ~ superiority n. [latin comparative of superus above]

Superlative  —adj. 1 of the highest quality or degree; excellent. 2 gram. (of an adjective or adverb) expressing the highest degree of a quality (e.g. Bravest, most fiercely). —n. 1 gram. Superlative form of an adjective or adverb. 2 (in pl.) High praise; exaggerated language. [french from latin]

Superman  n. 1 colloq. Man of exceptional strength or ability. 2 philos. Ideal person not subject to conventional morality etc.

Supermarket  n. Large self-service store selling food, household goods, etc.

Supernatural  —adj. Not attributable to, or explicable by, the laws of nature; magical; mystical. —n. (prec. By the) supernatural forces, effects, etc. ~ supernaturally adv.

Supernova  n. (pl. -vae or -s) star increasing suddenly in brightness.

Supernumerary  —adj. 1 in excess of the normal number; extra. 2 engaged for extra work. 3 (of an actor) appearing on stage but not speaking. —n. (pl. -ies) supernumerary person or thing. [latin: related to +number]

Superphosphate  n. Fertilizer made from phosphate rock.

Superpower  n. Extremely powerful nation.

Superscript  —adj. Written or printed above. —n. Superscript number or symbol. [latin scribo write]

Supersede  v. (-ding) 1 take the place of. 2 replace with another person or thing. ~ supersession n. [latin supersedeo]

Supersonic  adj. Of or having a speed greater than that of sound. ~ supersonically adv.

Superstar  n. Extremely famous or renowned actor, musician, etc.

Superstition  n. 1 belief in the supernatural; irrational fear of the unknown. 2 practice, belief, or religion based on this. ~ superstitious adj. Superstitiously adv. [latin]

Superstore  n. Large supermarket.

Superstructure  n. Structure built on top of another.

Supertanker  n. Very large tanker ship.

Supertax  n. Additional tax on incomes above a certain level.

Supervene  v. (-ning) formal occur as an interruption or change. ~ supervention n. [latin supervenio]

Supervise  v. (-sing) superintend, oversee. ~ supervision n. Supervisor n. Supervisory adj. [latin supervideo -vis-]

Superwoman  n. Colloq. Woman of exceptional strength or ability.

Supine  —adj. 1 lying face upwards. 2 inert, indolent. —n. Latin verbal noun used only in the accusative and ablative. [latin]

Supper  n. 1 late evening snack. 2 evening meal, esp. Light. [french souper]

Supplant  v. Take the place of, esp. By underhand means. [latin supplanto trip up]

Supple  adj. (suppler, supplest) flexible, pliant. ~ suppleness n. [latin supplex]

Supplement  —n. 1 thing or part added to improve or provide further information. 2 separate section, esp. A colour magazine, of a newspaper etc. —v. Provide a supplement for. ~ supplemental adj. Supplementary adj. Supplementation n. [latin suppleo supply] 

Suppliant  —adj. Supplicating. —n. Supplicating person. [latin: related to +supplicate]

Supplicate  v. (-ting) literary 1 petition humbly to (a person) or for (a thing). 2 (foll. By to, for) make a petition. ~ supplicant adj. & n. Supplication n. Supplicatory adj. [latin supplico]

Supply  —v. (-ies, -ied) 1 provide (a thing needed). 2 (often foll. By with) provide (a person etc. With a thing). 3 meet or make up for (a deficiency or need etc.). —n. (pl. -ies) 1 providing of what is needed. 2 stock, store, amount, etc., of something provided or obtainable. 3 (in pl.) Provisions and equipment for an army, expedition, etc. 4 (often attrib.) Schoolteacher etc. Acting as a temporary substitute for another. ~ in short supply scarce. Supply and demand econ. Quantities available and required, as factors regulating price.

Supply-side  attrib. Adj. Econ. Denoting a policy of low taxation etc. To encourage production and investment.

Support  —v. 1 carry all or part of the weight of; keep from falling, sinking, or failing. 2 provide for (a family etc.). 3 strengthen, encourage. 4 bear out; tend to substantiate. 5 give help or approval to (a person, team, sport, etc.); further (a cause etc.). 6 speak in favour of (a resolution etc.). 7 (also absol.) Take a secondary part to (a principal actor etc.); perform a secondary act to (the main act) at a pop concert etc. —n. 1 supporting or being supported. 2 person or thing that supports. 3 secondary act at a pop concert etc.~ in support of so as to support. [latin porto carry]

Supporter  n. Person or thing that supports a cause, team, etc.

Supporting film  n. (also supporting picture etc.) Less important film in a cinema programme.

Supportive  adj. Providing (esp. Emotional) support or encouragement. ~ supportively adv. Supportiveness n.

Suppose  v. (-sing) (often foll. By that) 1 assume; be inclined to think. 2 take as a possibility or hypothesis (suppose you are right; supposing you are right). 3 (in imper.) As a formula of proposal (suppose we try again). 4 (of a theory or result etc.) Require as a condition (that supposes we're on time). 5 (in imper. Or pres. Part. Forming a question) in the circumstances that; if (suppose he won't let you?). 6 (as supposed adj.) Presumed (his supposed brother). 7 (in passive; foll. By to + infin.) A be expected or required (was supposed to write to you). B (with neg.) Ought not; not be allowed to (you are not supposed to go in there). ~ i suppose so expression of hesitant agreement. [french: related to +pose]

Supposedly  adv. Allegedly; as is generally believed.

Supposition  n. 1 thing supposed. 2 act of supposing.

Suppositious  adj. Hypothetical.

Suppository  n. (pl. -ies) medical preparation melting in the rectum or vagina. [latin suppositorius placed underneath]

Suppress  v. 1 put an end to, esp. Forcibly. 2 prevent (information, feelings, a reaction, etc.) From being seen, heard, or known. 3 a partly or wholly eliminate (electrical interference etc.). B equip (a device) to reduce the interference caused by it. ~ suppressible adj. Suppression n. Suppressor n. [latin: related to +press1]

Suppurate  v. (-ting) 1 form pus. 2 fester. ~ suppuration n. [latin: related to +pus]

Supra  adv. Above or earlier (in a book etc.). [latin]

Supra-  prefix above.

Supranational  adj. Transcending national limits.

Supremacy  n. (pl. -ies) 1 being supreme. 2 highest authority.

Supreme  adj. 1 highest in authority or rank. 2 greatest; most important. 3 (of a penalty or sacrifice etc.) Involving death. ~ supremely adv. [latin]

Supreme court  n. Highest judicial court in a state etc.

Supremo  n. (pl. -s)  person in overall charge. [spanish, = +supreme]

Sur-1  prefix = +super- (surcharge; surrealism). [french]

Sur-2  prefix assim. Form of +sub- before r.

Surcease  literary —n. Cessation. —v. (-sing) cease. [french sursis delayed, omitted]

Surcharge  —n. Additional charge or payment. —v. (-ging) exact a surcharge from. [french: related to +sur-1]

Surd  math —adj. (of a number) irrational. —n. Surd number, esp. The root of an integer. [latin, = deaf]

Sure  —adj. 1 (often foll. By of or that) convinced. 2 having adequate reason for a belief or assertion. 3 (foll. By of) confident in anticipation or knowledge of. 4 reliable or unfailing. 5 (foll. By to + infin.) Certain. 6 undoubtedly true or truthful. —adv. Colloq. Certainly. ~ be sure (in imper. Or infin.; foll. By that + clause or to + infin.) Take care to; not fail to. For sure colloq. Certainly. Make sure make or become certain; ensure. Sure enough colloq. In fact; certainly. To be sure admittedly; indeed, certainly. ~ sureness n. [french from latin securus]

Sure-fire  attrib. Adj. Colloq. Certain to succeed.

Sure-footed  adj. Never stumbling or making a mistake.

Surely  adv. 1 with certainty or safety (slowly but surely). 2 as an appeal to likelihood or reason (surely that can't be right).

Surety  n. (pl. -ies) 1 money given as a guarantee of performance etc. 2 (esp. In phr. Stand surety for) person who takes responsibility for another's debt, obligation, etc. [french from latin]

Surf  —n. Foam of the sea breaking on the shore or reefs. —v. Practise surfing. ~ surfer n. [origin unknown]

Surface  —n. 1 a the outside of a thing. B area of this. 2 any of the limits of a solid. 3 top of a liquid or of the ground etc. 4 outward or superficial aspect. 5 geom. Set of points with length and breadth but no thickness. 6 (attrib.) A of or on the surface. B superficial. —v. (-cing) 1 give the required surface to (a road, paper, etc.). 2 rise or bring to the surface. 3 become visible or known. 4 colloq. Wake up; get up. ~ come to the surface become perceptible. [french: related to +sur-1]

Surface mail  n. Mail carried by land or sea.

Surface tension  n. Tension of the surface-film of a liquid, tending to minimize its surface area.

Surfboard  n. Long narrow board used in surfing.

Surfeit  —n. 1 an excess, esp. In eating or drinking. 2 resulting fullness. —v. (-t-) 1 overfeed. 2 (foll. By with) (cause to) be wearied through excess. [french: related to +sur-1, +feat]

Surfing  n. Sport of riding the surf on a board.

Surge  —n. 1 sudden rush. 2 heavy forward or upward motion. 3 sudden increase in price, activity, etc. 4 sudden increase in voltage of an electric current. 5 swell of the sea. —v. (-ging) 1 move suddenly and powerfully forwards. 2 (of an electric current etc.) Increase suddenly. 3 (of the sea etc.) Swell. [latin surgo rise]

Surgeon  n. 1 medical practitioner qualified in surgery. 2 naval or military medical officer.

Surgery  n. (pl. -ies) 1 treatment of bodily injuries or disorders by incision or manipulation etc. As opposed to drugs. 2  place where or time when a doctor, dentist, etc., treats patients, or an mp, lawyer, etc., gives advice. [latin chirurgia, from greek kheir hand, ergo work]

Surgical  adj. 1 of or by surgeons or surgery. 2 a used in surgery. B worn to correct a deformity etc. 3 (esp. Of military action) swift and precise.~ surgically adv.

Surgical spirit  n. Methylated spirit used for cleansing etc.

Surly  adj. (-ier, -iest) bad-tempered; unfriendly. ~  surliness n. [obsolete sirly haughty: related to +sir]

Surmise  —n. Conjecture. —v. (-sing) (often foll. By that) infer doubtfully; guess; suppose. [latin supermitto -miss- accuse]

Surmount  v. 1 overcome (a difficulty or obstacle). 2 (usu. In passive) cap or crown. ~ surmountable adj. [french: related to +sur-1]

Surname  n. Family name, usu. Inherited or acquired by marriage. [obsolete surnoun from anglo-french: related to +sur-1]

Surpass  v. 1 be greater or better than, outdo. 2 (as surpassing adj.) Pre-eminent. [french: related to +sur-1]

Surplice  n. Loose white vestment worn by clergy and choristers. [anglo-french surplis]

Surplus  —n. 1 amount left over. 2 excess of revenue over expenditure. —adj. Exceeding what is needed or used. [anglo-french]

Surprise  —n. 1 unexpected or astonishing thing. 2 emotion caused by this. 3 catching or being caught unawares. 4 (attrib.) Unexpected; made or done etc. Without warning. —v. (-sing) 1 affect with surprise; turn out contrary to the expectations of. 2 (usu. In passive; foll. By at) shock, scandalize. 3 capture or attack by surprise. 4 come upon (a person) unawares. 5 (foll. By into) startle (a person) into an action etc. ~ take by surprise affect with surprise, esp. By an unexpected encounter or statement. ~ surprising adj. Surprisingly adv. [french]

Surreal  adj. Unreal; dreamlike; bizarre. [back-formation from +surrealism]

Surrealism  n. 20th-c. Movement in art and literature, attempting to express the subconscious mind by dream imagery, bizarre juxtapositions, etc. ~ surrealist n. & adj. Surrealistic adj. Surrealistically adv. [french: related to +sur-1, +real1]

Surrender  —v. 1 hand over; relinquish. 2 submit, esp. To an enemy. 3 refl. (foll. By to) yield to a habit, emotion, influence, etc. 4  give up rights under (a life-insurance policy) in return for a smaller sum received immediately. 5 abandon (hope etc.). —n. Act of surrendering. ~ surrender to bail duly appear in court after release on bail. [anglo-french: related to +sur-1]

Surreptitious  adj. Done by stealth; clandestine. ~ surreptitiously adv. [latin surripio seize secretly]

Surrogate  n. 1 substitute. 2  deputy, esp. Of a bishop in granting marriage licences. ~ surrogacy n. [latin rogo ask]

Surrogate mother  n. Woman who bears a child on behalf of another woman, usu. By artificial insemination of her own egg by the other woman's partner.

Surround  —v. Come or be all round; encircle, enclose. —n. 1 border or edging, esp. An area of floor between the walls and carpet of a room. 2 surrounding area or substance. [latin: related to +sur-1, unda wave]

Surroundings  n.pl. Objects or conditions around or affecting a person or thing; environment.

Surtax  n. Additional tax, esp. On high incomes. [french: related to +sur-1]

Surtitle  n. Explanatory caption projected on to a screen above the stage during an opera.

Surveillance  n. Close observation undertaken by the police etc. [french: related to +sur-1, veiller watch]

Survey  —v. 1 view or consider as a whole. 2 examine the condition of (a building etc.). 3 determine the boundaries, extent, ownership, etc. Of (a district etc.). —n. 1 general view or consideration. 2 a act of surveying property. B statement etc. Resulting from this. 3 investigation of public opinion etc. 4 map or plan made by surveying. [latin: related to +super-, video see]

Surveyor  n. Person who surveys land and buildings, esp. For a living.

Survival  n. 1 surviving. 2 relic.

Survive  v. (-ving) 1 continue to live or exist. 2 live or exist longer than. 3 remain alive after or continue to exist in spite of (a danger, accident, etc.). ~ survivor n. [anglo-french survivre from latin supervivo]

Sus  var. Of +suss.

Sus-  prefix assim. Form of +sub- before c, p, t.

Susceptibility  n. (pl. -ies) 1 being susceptible. 2 (in pl.) Person's feelings.

Susceptible  adj. 1 impressionable, sensitive, emotional. 2 (predic.) A (foll. By to) liable or vulnerable to. B (foll. By of) allowing; admitting of (proof etc.). ~ susceptibly adv. [latin suscipio -cept- take up]

Sushi  n. Japanese dish of balls of cold rice topped with raw fish etc. [japanese]

Suspect  —v. 1 be inclined to think. 2 have an impression of the existence or presence of. 3 (often foll. By of) mentally accuse. 4 doubt the genuineness or truth of. —n. Suspected person. —adj. Subject to or deserving suspicion. [latin suspicio -spect-]

Suspend  v. 1 hang up. 2 keep inoperative or undecided for a time. 3 debar temporarily from a function, office, etc. 4 (as suspended adj.) (of particles or a body in a fluid) floating between the top and bottom. [latin suspendo -pens-]

Suspended animation  n. Temporary deathlike condition.

Suspended sentence  n. Judicial sentence left unenforced subject to good behaviour during a specified period.

Suspender  n. 1 attachment to hold up a stocking or sock by its top. 2 (in pl.) Us braces.

Suspender belt  n. Woman's undergarment with suspenders.

Suspense  n. State of anxious uncertainty or expectation. ~ suspenseful adj. [french, = delay]

Suspension  n. 1 suspending or being suspended. 2 springs etc. Supporting a vehicle on its axles. 3 substance consisting of particles suspended in a medium.

Suspension bridge  n. Bridge with a roadway suspended from cables supported by towers.

Suspicion  n. 1 unconfirmed belief; distrust. 2 suspecting or being suspected. 3 (foll. By of) slight trace of. ~ above suspicion too obviously good etc. To be suspected. Under suspicion suspected. [latin: related to +suspect]

Suspicious  adj. 1 prone to or feeling suspicion. 2 causing suspicion. ~ suspiciously adv.

Suss  v. Slang (also sus) (-ss-) (usu. Foll. By out) 1 investigate, inspect. 2 work out; realize. ~ on suss on suspicion (of having committed a crime). [abbreviation]

Sustain  v. 1 support, bear the weight of, esp. For a long period. 2 encourage, support. 3 (of food) nourish. 4 endure, stand. 5 suffer (defeat or injury etc.). 6 (of a court etc.) Uphold or decide in favour of (an objection etc.). 7 corroborate (a statement or charge). 8 maintain (effort etc.). ~ sustainable adj. [latin sustineo keep up]

Sustenance  n. 1 nourishment, food. 2 means of support. [anglo-french: related to +sustain]

Suttee  n. Esp. Hist. 1 hindu custom of a widow's suicide on her husband's funeral pyre. 2 widow undergoing this. [sanskrit sati faithful wife]

Suture  —n. 1 stitching of the edges of a wound or incision. 2 thread or wire used for this. —v. (-ring) stitch (a wound or incision). [latin suo sut- sew]

Suzerain  n. 1 hist. Feudal overlord. 2 archaic sovereign or state partially controlling another state that is internally autonomous. ~ suzerainty n. [french]

Svelte  adj. Slender, lissom, graceful. [french from italian]

Sw  abbr. 1 south-west. 2 south-western.

Swab  —n. 1 a absorbent pad used in surgery. B specimen of a secretion taken for examination. 2 mop etc. For cleaning or mopping up. —v. (-bb-) 1 clean with a swab. 2 (foll. By up) absorb (moisture) with a swab. 3 mop clean (a ship's deck) [dutch]

Swaddle  v. (-ling) wrap (esp. A baby) tightly. [from +swathe]

Swaddling-clothes  n.pl. Narrow bandages formerly used to wrap and restrain a baby.

Swag  n. 1 slang booty of burglars etc. 2 austral. & nz traveller's bundle. 3 festoon of flowers, foliage, drapery, etc. ~ swagged adj. [probably scandinavian]

Swagger  —v. Walk or behave arrogantly. —n. Swaggering gait or manner. [from +swag]

Swagger stick  n. Short cane carried by a military officer.

Swahili  n. (pl. Same) 1 member of a bantu people of zanzibar and adjacent coasts. 2 their language. [arabic]

Swain  n. 1 archaic country youth. 2 poet. Young lover or suitor. [old norse, = lad]

Swallow1  —v. 1 cause or allow (food etc.) To pass down the throat. 2 perform the muscular movement required to do this. 3 accept meekly or credulously. 4 repress (a feeling etc.) (swallow one's pride). 5 articulate (words etc.) Indistinctly. 6 (often foll. By up) engulf or absorb; exhaust. —n. 1 act of swallowing. 2 amount swallowed. [old english]

Swallow2  n. Migratory swift-flying bird with a forked tail. [old english]

Swallow-dive  n. & v. Dive with the arms outspread until close to the water.

Swallow-tail  n. 1 deeply forked tail. 2 butterfly etc. With this.

Swam  past of +swim.

Swami  n. (pl. -s) hindu male religious teacher. [hindi svami]

Swamp  —n. (area of) waterlogged ground. —v. 1 overwhelm, flood, or soak with water. 2 overwhelm or make invisible etc. With an excess or large amount of something. ~ swampy adj. (-ier, -iest). [origin uncertain]

Swan  —n. Large usu. White water-bird with a long flexible neck. —v. (-nn-) (usu. Foll. By about, off, etc.) Colloq. Move or go aimlessly, casually, or with a superior air. [old english]

Swank  colloq. —n. Ostentation, swagger. —v. Show off. ~ swanky adj (-ier, -iest). [origin uncertain]

Swansong  n. Person's last work or act before death or retirement etc.

Swap  (also swop) —v. (-pp-) exchange or barter. —n. 1 act of swapping. 2 thing for swapping or swapped. [originally = ‘hit’, imitative]

Swapo  abbr. (also swapo) south west africa people's organization.

Sward  n. Literary expanse of turf. [old english, = skin]

Swarf  n. Fine chips or filings of stone, metal, etc. [old norse]

Swarm1  —n. 1 cluster of bees leaving the hive with the queen to establish a new colony. 2 large cluster of insects, birds, or people. 3 (in pl.; foll. By of) great numbers. —v. 1 move in or form a swarm. 2 (foll. By with) (of a place) be overrun, crowded, or infested with. [old english]

Swarm2  v. (foll. By up) climb (a rope or tree etc.) By clinging with the hands and knees etc. [origin unknown]

Swarthy  adj. (-ier, -iest) dark, dark-complexioned. [obsolete swarty from swart black, from old english]

Swashbuckler  n. Swaggering adventurer. ~ swashbuckling adj. & n. [swash strike noisily, +buckler]

Swastika  n. 1 ancient symbol formed by an equal-armed cross with each arm continued at a right angle. 2 this with clockwise continuations as the symbol of nazi germany. [sanskrit]

Swat  —v. (-tt-) 1 crush (a fly etc.) With a sharp blow. 2 hit hard and abruptly. —n. Swatting blow. [dial. Var. Of +squat]

Swatch  n. 1 sample, esp. Of cloth. 2 collection of samples. [origin unknown]

Swath  n. (also swathe) (pl. -s) 1 ridge of cut grass or corn etc. 2 space left clear by a mower etc. 3 broad strip. [old english]

Swathe  —v. (-thing) bind or wrap in bandages or garments etc. —n. Bandage or wrapping. [old english]

Sway  —v. 1 (cause to) lean or move unsteadily from side to side. 2 oscillate; waver. 3 a control the motion or direction of. B influence; rule over. —n. 1 rule, influence, or government (hold sway). 2 swaying motion. [origin uncertain]

Swear  —v. (past swore; past part. Sworn) 1 a (often foll. By to + infin. Or that + clause) state or promise solemnly or on oath. B (cause to) take (an oath) (swore them to secrecy). 2 colloq. Insist (swore he was fit). 3 (often foll. By at) use profane or obscene language. 4 (foll. By by) a appeal to as a witness in taking an oath (swear by almighty god). B colloq. Have great confidence in (swears by yoga). 5 (foll. By to; usu. In neg.) Say certainly (could not swear to it). —n. Spell of swearing. ~ swear blind colloq. Affirm emphatically. Swear in induct into office etc. With an oath. Swear off colloq. Promise to abstain from (drink etc.). [old english]

Swear-word  n. Profane or indecent word.

Sweat  —n. 1 moisture exuded through the pores, esp. From heat or nervousness. 2 state or period of sweating. 3 colloq. State of anxiety (in a sweat). 4 colloq. A drudgery, effort. B laborious task.

Sweat-band  n. Band fitted inside a hat or worn round a wrist etc. To absorb sweat.

Sweater  n. Jersey or pullover.

Sweatshirt  n. Sleeved cotton sweater.

Sweatshop  n. Factory where sweated labour is used.

Swede  n. 1 a native or national of sweden. B person of swedish descent. 2 (swede) large yellow-fleshed turnip orig. From sweden. [low german or dutch]

Swedish  —adj. Of sweden, its people, or language. —n. Language of sweden.

Sweep  —v. (past and past part. Swept) 1 clean or clear (a room or area etc.) (as) with a broom. 2 (often foll. By up) clean a room etc. In this way. 3 (often foll. By up) collect or remove (dirt etc.) By sweeping. 4 (foll. By aside, away, etc.) A push (as) with a broom. B dismiss abruptly. 5 (foll. By along, down, etc.) Carry or drive along with force. 6 (foll. By off, away, etc.) Remove or clear forcefully. 7 traverse swiftly or lightly. 8 impart a sweeping motion to. 9 swiftly cover or affect. 10 a glide swiftly; speed along. B go majestically. 11 (of landscape etc.) Be rolling or spacious. —n. 1 act or motion of sweeping. 2 curve in the road, sweeping line of a hill, etc. 3 range or scope. 4 = +chimney-sweep. 5 sortie by aircraft. 6 colloq. = +sweepstake. ~ make a clean sweep of 1 completely abolish or expel. 2 win all the prizes etc. In (a competition etc.). Sweep away abolish swiftly. Sweep the board 1 win all the money at stake. 2 win all possible prizes etc. Sweep under the carpet see +carpet. [old english]

Sweeper  n. 1 person who cleans by sweeping. 2 manual device for sweeping carpets etc. 3 football defensive player positioned close to the goalkeeper.

Sweeping  —adj. 1 wide in range or effect (sweeping changes). 2 generalized, arbitrary (sweeping statement). —n. (in pl.) Dirt etc. Collected by sweeping.

Sweepstake  n. 1 form of gambling in which all stakes are pooled and paid to the winners. 2 race with betting of this kind. 3 prize(s) won in a sweepstake.

Sweet  —adj. 1 tasting of sugar. 2 smelling pleasant like roses or perfume etc.; fragrant. 3 (of sound etc.) Melodious or harmonious. 4 fresh; not salt, sour, or bitter. 5 gratifying or attractive. 6 amiable, pleasant. 7 colloq. Pretty, charming. 8 (foll. By on) colloq. Fond of; in love with. —n. 1 small shaped piece of sweet substance, usu. Made with sugar or chocolate. 2 sweet dish or course of a meal. ~ sweetish adj. Sweetly adv. [old english]

Sweet-and-sour  attrib. Adj. Cooked in a sauce containing sugar and vinegar or lemon etc.

Sweetbread  n. Pancreas or thymus of an animal, esp. As food.

Sweet-brier  n. Wild rose with small fragrant leaves.

Sweetcorn  n. Sweet-flavoured maize kernels.

Sweeten  v. 1 make or become sweet or sweeter. 2 make agreeable or less painful. ~ sweetening n.

Sweetener  n. 1 substance used to sweeten food or drink. 2 colloq. Bribe or inducement.

Sweetheart  n. 1 lover or darling. 2 term of endearment.

Sweetie  n. Colloq. 1 = +sweet 1. 2 sweetheart.

Sweetmeal  n. Sweetened wholemeal.

Sweetmeat  n. 1 = +sweet 1. 2 small fancy cake.

Sweetness  n. Being sweet; fragrance. ~ sweetness and light (esp. Uncharacteristic) mildness and reason.

Sweet pea  n. Climbing plant with fragrant flowers.

Sweet pepper  n. Mild pepper.

Sweet potato  n. 1 tropical climbing plant with sweet tuberous roots used for food. 2 root of this.

Sweetshop  n. Confectioner's shop.

Sweet talk  colloq. —n. Flattery, blandishment. —v. (sweet-talk) flatter in order to persuade.

Sweet tooth  n. Liking for sweet-tasting things.

Sweet william  n. Cultivated plant with clusters of vivid fragrant flowers.

Swell  —v. (past part. Swollen or swelled) 1 (cause to) grow bigger, louder, or more intense. 2 (often foll. By up) rise or raise up from the surrounding surface. 3 (foll. By out) bulge. 4 (of the heart etc.) Feel full of joy, pride, relief, etc. 5 (foll. By with) be hardly able to restrain (pride etc.). —n. 1 act or state of swelling. 2 heaving of the sea with unbreaking waves. 3 a crescendo. B mechanism in an organ etc. For producing a crescendo or diminuendo. 4 colloq. Dandy. 5 protuberance. —adj. Colloq. 1 esp. Us fine, excellent. 2 smart, fashionable. ~ have (or get) a swelled (or swollen) head be (or become) conceited. [old english]

Swelling  n. Abnormal bodily protuberance.

Swelter  —v. Be uncomfortably hot. —n. Sweltering condition. [old english]

Swept  past and past part. Of +sweep.

Swerve  —v. (-ving) (cause to) change direction, esp. Abruptly. —n. Swerving movement. [old english, = scour]

Swift  —adj. 1 quick, rapid. 2 prompt. —n. Swift-flying migratory bird with long wings. ~ swiftly adv. Swiftness n. [old english]

Swig  —v. (-gg-) colloq. Drink in large draughts. —n. Swallow of drink, esp. Large. [origin unknown]

Swill  —v. 1 (often foll. By out) rinse or flush. 2 drink greedily. —n. 1 act of rinsing. 2 mainly liquid refuse as pig-food. [old english]

Swim  —v. (-mm-; past swam; past part. Swum) 1 propel the body through water with limbs, fins, or tail. 2 traverse (a stretch of water or distance) by swimming. 3 perform (a stroke) by swimming. 4 float on a liquid. 5 appear to undulate, reel, or whirl. 6 feel dizzy (my head swam). 7 (foll. By in, with) be flooded. —n. Period or act of swimming. ~ in the swim colloq. Involved in or aware of what is going on. ~ swimmer n. [old english]

Swimming-bath  n. (also swimming-pool) artificial pool for swimming.

Swimming-costume  n. = +bathing-costume.

Swimmingly  adv. Colloq. Smoothly, without impediment.

Swimsuit  n. Swimming-costume, esp. One-piece for women and girls.

Swimwear  n. Clothing for swimming in.

Swindle  —v. (-ling) (often foll. By out of) 1 cheat of money etc. 2 cheat a person of (money etc.) (swindled £200 out of him). —n. 1 act of swindling. 2 fraudulent person or thing. ~ swindler n. [back-formation from swindler from german]

Swine  n. (pl. Same) 1 formal or us pig. 2 colloq. (pl. Same or -s) a contemptible person. B unpleasant or difficult thing. ~ swinish adj. [old english]

Swing  —v. (past and past part. Swung) 1 a (cause to) move with a to-and-fro or curving motion, as of an object attached at one end and hanging free at the other; sway. B hang so as to be free to swing. 2 oscillate or revolve. 3 move by gripping something and leaping etc. (swung from tree to tree). 4 walk with a swing. 5 (foll. By round) move to face the opposite direction. 6 change one's opinion or mood. 7 (foll. By at) attempt to hit. 8  (also swing it) play (music) with a swing rhythm. 9 colloq. (of a party etc.) Be lively etc. 10 have a decisive influence on (voting etc.). 11 colloq. Achieve, manage. 12 colloq. Be executed by hanging. —n. 1 act, motion, or extent of swinging. 2 swinging or smooth gait, rhythm, or action. 3 a seat slung by ropes etc. For swinging on or in. B period of swinging on this. 4 a jazz or dance music with an easy flowing rhythm. B rhythmic feeling or drive of this. 5 discernible change, esp. In votes or points scored etc. ~ swings and roundabouts situation affording equal gain and loss. ~ swinger n. [old english]

Swing-boat  n. Boat-shaped swing at fairs.

Swing-bridge  n. Bridge that can be swung aside to let ships pass.

Swing-door  n. Self-closing door opening both ways.

Swingeing  adj. 1 (of a blow) forcible. 2 huge or far-reaching (swingeing economies). [archaic swinge strike hard, from old english]

Swing-wing  n. Aircraft wing that can move from a right-angled to a swept-back position.

Swipe  colloq. —v. (-ping) 1 (often foll. By at) hit hard and recklessly. 2 steal. —n. Reckless hard hit or attempted hit. [perhaps var. Of +sweep]

Swirl  —v. Move, flow, or carry along with a whirling motion. —n. 1 swirling motion. 2 twist or curl. ~ swirly adj. [perhaps from low german or dutch]

Swish  —v. 1 swing (a thing) audibly through the air, grass, etc. 2 move with or make a swishing sound. —n. Swishing action or sound. —adj. Colloq. Smart, fashionable. [imitative]

Swiss  —adj. Of switzerland or its people. —n. (pl. Same) 1 native or national of switzerland. 2 person of swiss descent. [french suisse]

Swiss roll  n. Cylindrical sponge cake with a jam etc. Filling.

Switch  —n. 1 device for completing and breaking an electric circuit. 2 a transfer, change-over, or deviation. B exchange. 3 flexible shoot cut from a tree. 4 light tapering rod. 5 us railway points. —v. 1 (foll. By on, off) turn (an electrical device) on or off. 2 change or transfer. 3 exchange. 4 whip or flick with a switch. ~ switch off colloq. Cease to pay attention. [low german]

Switchback  n. 1 ride at a fair etc., with extremely steep ascents and descents. 2 (often attrib.) Such a railway or road.

Switchboard  n. Apparatus for making connections between electric circuits, esp. In telephony.

Switched-on  adj. Colloq. 1 up to date; aware of what is going on. 2 excited; under the influence of drugs.

Swivel  —n. Coupling between two parts enabling one to revolve without turning the other. —v. (-ll-; us -l-) turn on or as on a swivel. [old english]

Swivel chair  n. Chair with a revolving seat.

Swizz  n. (also swiz) colloq. 1 something unfair or disappointing. 2 swindle. [origin unknown]

Swizzle  n. 1 colloq. Frothy mixed alcoholic drink esp. Of rum or gin and bitters. 2 slang = +swizz. [origin unknown]

Swizzle-stick  n. Stick used for frothing or flattening drinks.

Swollen  past part. Of +swell.

Swoon  v. & n. Literary faint. [old english]

Swoop  —v. 1 (often foll. By down) descend rapidly like a bird of prey. 2 (often foll. By on) make a sudden attack. —n. Swooping movement or action. [old english]

Swop  var. Of +swap.

Sword  n. 1 weapon with a long blade and hilt with a handguard. 2 (prec. By the) a war. B military power. ~ put to the sword kill. [old english]

Sword dance  n. Dance with the brandishing of swords or with swords laid on the ground.

Swordfish  n. (pl. Same or -es) large marine fish with swordlike upper jaw.

Sword of damocles  n. An immediate danger. [from damokles, who had a sword hung by a hair over him]

Swordplay  n. 1 fencing. 2 repartee; lively argument.

Swordsman  n. Person of (usu. Specified) skill with a sword. ~ swordsmanship n.

Swordstick  n. Hollow walking-stick containing a blade that can be used as a sword.

Swore  past of +swear.

Sworn  past part. Of +swear. —attrib. Adj. Bound (as) by an oath (sworn enemies).

Swot  colloq. —v. (-tt-) 1 study hard. 2 (usu. Foll. By up, up on) study (a subject) hard or hurriedly. —n. Usu. Derog. Person who swots. [dial. Var. Of +sweat]

Swum  past part. Of +swim.

Swung  past and past part. Of +swing.

Sybarite  n. Self-indulgent or voluptuous person. ~ sybaritic adj. [sybaris, ancient city in s. Italy]

Sycamore  n. 1 large maple or its wood. 2 us plane-tree or its wood. [greek sukomoros]

Sycophant  n. Flatterer; toady. ~ sycophancy n. Sycophantic adj. [greek sukophantes]

Syl-  prefix assim. Form of +syn- before l.

Syllabary  n. (pl. -ies) list of characters representing syllables. [related to +syllable]

Syllabic  adj. Of or in syllables. ~ syllabically adv.

Syllable  n. 1 unit of pronunciation forming the whole or part of a word and usu. Having one vowel sound often with consonant(s) before or after (e.g. Water has two, inferno three). 2 character(s) representing a syllable. 3 the least amount of speech or writing. ~ in words of one syllable plainly, bluntly. [greek sullabe]

Syllabub  n. (also sillabub) dessert of flavoured, sweetened, and whipped cream or milk. [origin unknown]

Syllabus  n. (pl. -buses or -bi) programme or outline of a course of study, teaching, etc. [misreading of greek sittuba label]

Syllepsis  n. (pl. Syllepses) figure of speech in which a word is applied to two others in different senses (e.g. Caught the train and a cold) or to two others of which it grammatically suits one only (e.g. Neither you nor he knows) (cf. +zeugma). [greek: related to +syllable]

Syllogism  n. Reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed propositions. ~ syllogistic adj. [greek logos reason]

Sylph  n. 1 elemental spirit of the air. 2 slender graceful woman or girl. ~ sylphlike adj. [latin]

Sylvan  adj. (also silvan) 1 a of the woods. B having woods. 2 rural. [latin silva a wood]

Sylviculture  var. Of +silviculture.

Sym-  prefix assim. Form of +syn- before b, m, p.

Symbiosis  n. (pl. -bioses) 1 interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, usu. To the advantage of both. 2 mutually advantageous association between persons. ~ symbiotic adj. [greek, = living together]

Symbol  n. 1 thing regarded as typifying or representing something (white is a symbol of purity). 2 mark, sign, etc. Representing an object, idea, function, or process; logo. ~ symbolic adj. Symbolically adv. [greek sumbolon]

Symbolism  n. 1 a use of symbols. B symbols collectively. 2 artistic and poetic movement or style using symbols to express ideas, emotions, etc. ~ symbolist n.

Symbolize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 be a symbol of. 2 represent by symbols. [french: related to +symbol]

Symmetry  n. (pl. -ies) 1 a correct proportion of parts. B beauty resulting from this. 2 a structure allowing an object to be divided into parts of an equal shape and size. B possession of such a structure. 3 repetition of exactly similar parts facing each other or a centre. ~ symmetrical adj. Symmetrically adv. [greek summetria]

Sympathetic  adj. 1 of or expressing sympathy. 2 pleasant, likeable. 3 (foll. By to) favouring (a proposal etc.). ~ sympathetically adv.

Sympathize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) (often foll. By with) 1 feel or express sympathy. 2 agree. ~ sympathizer n.

Sympathy  n. (pl. -ies) 1 a sharing of another's feelings. B capacity for this. 2 a (often foll. By with) sharing or tendency to share (with a person etc.) In an emotion, sensation, or condition. B (in sing. Or pl.) Compassion or commiseration; condolences. 3 (often foll. By for) approval. 4 (in sing. Or pl.; often foll. By with) agreement (with a person etc.) In opinion or desire. ~ in sympathy (often foll. By with) having, showing, or resulting from sympathy. [greek, = fellow-feeling]

Symphony  n. (pl. -ies) 1 large-scale composition for full orchestra in several movements. 2 instrumental interlude in a large-scale vocal work. 3 = +symphony orchestra. ~ symphonic adj. [from +syn-, greek phone sound]

Symphony orchestra  n. Large orchestra suitable for playing symphonies etc.

Symposium  n. (pl. -sia) 1 conference, or collection of essays, on a particular subject. 2 philosophical or other friendly discussion. [greek sumpotes fellow-drinker]

Symptom  n. 1 physical or mental sign of disease. 2 sign of the existence of something. ~ symptomatic adj. [greek pipto fall]

Syn-  prefix with, together, alike. [greek sun with]

Synagogue  n. 1 building for jewish religious observance and instruction. 2 jewish congregation. [greek, = assembly]

Synapse  n. Anat. Junction of two nerve-cells. [greek hapto join]

Sync  (also synch) colloq. —n. Synchronization. —v. Synchronize. ~ in (or out of) sync (often foll. By with) according or agreeing well (or badly). [abbreviation]

Synchromesh  n. (often attrib.) System of gear-changing, esp. In vehicles, in which the gearwheels revolve at the same speed during engagement. [abbreviation of synchronized mesh]

Synchronic  adj. Concerned with a subject as it exists at one point in time. ~ synchronically adv. [from +syn-, greek khronos time]

Synchronism  n. 1 being or treating as synchronic or synchronous. 2 process of synchronizing sound and picture.

Synchronize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 (often foll. By with) make or be synchronous (with). 2 make the sound and picture of (a film etc.) Coincide. 3 cause (clocks etc.) To show the same time. ~ synchronization n.

Usage  synchronize should not be used in standard english to mean ‘coordinate’ or ‘combine’.

Synchronous  adj. (often foll. By with) existing or occurring at the same time.

Syncopate  v. (-ting) 1 displace the beats or accents in (music). 2 shorten (a word) by dropping interior letters. ~ syncopation n. [latin: related to +syncope]

Syncope  n. 1 gram. Syncopation. 2 fainting through a fall in blood pressure. [greek sunkope cutting off]

Syncretize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) attempt, esp. Inconsistently, to unify or reconcile differing schools of thought. ~ syncretic adj. Syncretism n. [greek]

Syndic  n. Any of various university or government officials. [greek sundikos, = advocate]

Syndicalism  n. Hist. Movement for transferring industrial ownership and control to workers' unions. ~ syndicalist n. [french: related to +syndic]

Syndicate  —n. 1 combination of individuals or businesses to promote a common interest. 2 agency supplying material simultaneously to a number of newspapers etc. 3 group of people who gamble, organize crime, etc. 4 committee of syndics. —v. (-ting) 1 form into a syndicate. 2 publish (material) through a syndicate. ~ syndication n. [latin: related to +syndic]

Syndrome  n. 1 group of concurrent symptoms of a disease. 2 characteristic combination of opinions, emotions, behaviour, etc. [greek sundrome running together]

Synecdoche  n. Figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa (e.g. New faces at the club; england lost to india). [greek, = taking together]

Synod  n. Church council of delegated clergy and sometimes laity. [greek, = meeting]

Synonym  n. Word or phrase that means the same as another (e.g. Shut and close). [greek onoma name]

Synonymous  adj. (often foll. By with) 1 having the same meaning. 2 suggestive of; associated with (his name is synonymous with terror).

Synopsis  n. (pl. Synopses) summary or outline. [greek opsis view]

Synoptic  adj. Of or giving a synopsis. [greek: related to +synopsis]

Synoptic gospels  n.pl. Gospels of matthew, mark, and luke.

Synovia  n. Physiol. Viscous fluid lubricating joints etc. ~ synovial adj. [medieval latin]

Syntax  n. 1 grammatical arrangement of words. 2 rules or analysis of this. ~ syntactic adj. Syntactically adv. [greek, = arrangement]

Synth  n. Colloq. = +synthesizer.

Synthesis  n. (pl. -theses) 1 a combining of elements into a whole. B result of this. 2 chem. Artificial production of compounds from their constituents as distinct from extraction from plants etc. [greek, = placing together]

Synthesize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make a synthesis of.

Synthesizer  n. Electronic, usu. Keyboard, instrument producing a wide variety of sounds.

Synthetic  —adj. 1 made by chemical synthesis, esp. To imitate a natural product. 2 affected, insincere. —n. Synthetic substance. ~ synthetically adv.

Syphilis  n. Contagious venereal disease. ~ syphilitic adj. [syphilus, name of a character in a poem of 1530]

Syriac  —n. Language of ancient syria, western aramaic. —adj. Of or in syriac.

Syrian  —n. 1 native or national of syria. 2 person of syrian descent. —adj. Of syria.

Syringa  n. 1 = +mock orange. 2 lilac or similar related plant. [related to +syringe]

Syringe  —n. Device for sucking in and ejecting liquid in a fine stream. —v. (-ging) sluice or spray with a syringe. [greek surigx pipe]

Syrup  n. (us sirup) 1 a sweet sauce of sugar dissolved in boiling water. B similar fluid as a drink, medicine, etc. 2 condensed sugar-cane juice; molasses, treacle. 3 excessive sweetness of manner or style. ~ syrupy adj. [arabic sharab]

System  n. 1 complex whole; set of connected things or parts; organized body of things. 2 a set of organs in the body with a common structure or function. B human or animal body as a whole. 3 method; scheme of action, procedure, or classification. 4 orderliness. 5 (prec. By the) prevailing political or social order, esp. Regarded as oppressive. ~ get a thing out of one's system colloq. Get rid of a preoccupation or anxiety. [greek sustema -mat-]

Systematic  adj. 1 methodical; according to a system. 2 regular, deliberate. ~ systematically adv.

Systematize  v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make systematic. ~ systematization n.

Systemic  adj. 1 physiol. Of the whole body. 2 (of an insecticide etc.) Entering the plant via the roots or shoots and freely transported within its tissues. ~ systemically adv.

Systems analysis  n. Analysis of a complex process etc. In order to improve its efficiency esp. By using a computer. ~ systems analyst n.

Online English Dictionary Free Words Starting with Letter S

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நீதிமொழிகள் பழமொழி ஆகமம் தமிழ் பைபிள் அதிகாரங்கள் வசனங்கள் வார்த்தைகள் கத்தோலிக்க திருவிவிலியம் பரிசுத்த வேதாகமம் பழைய ஏற்பாடு புதிய ஏற்பாடு பொது மொழிபெயர்ப்பு

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லூக்கா நற்செய்தி தமிழ் பைபிள் அதிகாரங்கள் வசனங்கள் வார்த்தைகள் கத்தோலிக்க திருவிவிலியம் பரிசுத்த வேதாகமம் பழைய ஏற்பாடு புதிய ஏற்பாடு பொது மொழிபெயர்ப்பு

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திருப்பாடல்கள் சங்கீதங்கள் தமிழ் பைபிள் அதிகாரங்கள் வசனங்கள் வார்த்தைகள் கத்தோலிக்க திருவிவிலியம் பரிசுத்த வேதாகமம் பழைய ஏற்பாடு புதிய ஏற்பாடு பொது மொழிபெயர்ப்பு

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மத்தேயு நற்செய்தி தமிழ் பைபிள் அதிகாரங்கள் வசனங்கள் வார்த்தைகள் கத்தோலிக்க திருவிவிலியம் பரிசுத்த வேதாகமம் பழைய ஏற்பாடு புதிய ஏற்பாடு பொது மொழிபெயர்ப்பு

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சாலமோனின் ஞானம் தமிழ் பைபிள் அதிகாரங்கள் வசனங்கள் வார்த்தைகள் கத்தோலிக்க திருவிவிலியம் பரிசுத்த வேதாகமம் பழைய ஏற்பாடு புதிய ஏற்பாடு பொது மொழிபெயர்ப்பு

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எசாயா தமிழ் பைபிள் அதிகாரங்கள் வசனங்கள் வார்த்தைகள் கத்தோலிக்க திருவிவிலியம் பரிசுத்த வேதாகமம் பழைய ஏற்பாடு புதிய ஏற்பாடு பொது மொழிபெயர்ப்பு

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சீராக்கின் ஞானம் தமிழ் பைபிள் அதிகாரங்கள் வசனங்கள் வார்த்தைகள் கத்தோலிக்க திருவிவிலியம் பரிசுத்த வேதாகமம் பழைய ஏற்பாடு புதிய ஏற்பாடு பொது மொழிபெயர்ப்பு

மாற்கு நற்செய்தி தமிழ் பைபிள் அதிகாரங்கள் வசனங்கள் வார்த்தைகள் கத்தோலிக்க திருவிவிலியம் பரிசுத்த வேதாகமம் பழைய ஏற்பாடு புதிய ஏற்பாடு பொது மொழிபெயர்ப்பு

கொரிந்தியருக்கு எழுதிய 2 திருமுகம் தமிழ் பைபிள் அதிகாரங்கள் வசனங்கள் வார்த்தைகள் கத்தோலிக்க திருவிவிலியம் பரிசுத்த வேதாகமம் பழைய ஏற்பாடு புதிய ஏற்பாடு பொது மொழிபெயர்ப்பு

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கொரிந்தியருக்கு எழுதிய முதல் திருமுகம் தமிழ் பைபிள் அதிகாரங்கள் வசனங்கள் வார்த்தைகள் கத்தோலிக்க திருவிவிலியம் பரிசுத்த வேதாகமம் பழைய ஏற்பாடு புதிய ஏற்பாடு பொது மொழிபெயர்ப்பு

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எபிரேயருக்கு எழுதிய திருமுகம் தமிழ் பைபிள் அதிகாரங்கள் வசனங்கள் வார்த்தைகள் கத்தோலிக்க திருவிவிலியம் பரிசுத்த வேதாகமம் பழைய ஏற்பாடு புதிய ஏற்பாடு பொது மொழிபெயர்ப்பு

எசேக்கியேல் தமிழ் பைபிள் அதிகாரங்கள் வசனங்கள் வார்த்தைகள் கத்தோலிக்க திருவிவிலியம் பரிசுத்த வேதாகமம் பழைய ஏற்பாடு புதிய ஏற்பாடு பொது மொழிபெயர்ப்பு

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திமொத்தேயுவுக்கு எழுதிய முதல் திருமுகம் தமிழ் பைபிள் அதிகாரங்கள் வசனங்கள் வார்த்தைகள் கத்தோலிக்க திருவிவிலியம் பரிசுத்த வேதாகமம் பழைய ஏற்பாடு புதிய ஏற்பாடு பொது மொழிபெயர்ப்பு

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1 மக்கபேயர் தமிழ் பைபிள் அதிகாரங்கள் வசனங்கள் வார்த்தைகள் கத்தோலிக்க திருவிவிலியம் பரிசுத்த வேதாகமம் பழைய ஏற்பாடு புதிய ஏற்பாடு பொது மொழிபெயர்ப்பு

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